The risks of global worming

　　全球防蟲(chóng)的危險(xiǎn)

　　Widespread use of anti-parasite drugs is reducingtheir value

　　廣泛使用抗寄生蟲(chóng)藥物正在降低其療效

　　Safely grazing?

　　正在安全地吃草?

　　FOR decades, the overuse of antibiotics has encouraged the evolution of drug-resistantbacteria which, though they have never broken out and caused an epidemic in the way thatwas once feared, have nevertheless been responsible for many deaths that might otherwisehave been avoided. Now something similar seems to be happening in agriculture. Theoveruse of drugs against parasitic worms which infest stock animals means that these, too,are becoming drug-resistant. That is bad for the animals health and welfare, and equallybad for farmers profits.

　　幾十年來(lái)，廣泛使用抗生素促進(jìn)了耐藥病菌的進(jìn)化。盡管它們從來(lái)沒(méi)有失控，爆發(fā)人們一度為止恐懼的大規(guī)模瘟疫，但還是造成了大量本來(lái)可以避免的死亡。現(xiàn)在畜牧業(yè)中似乎也有類似現(xiàn)象。人們對(duì)家畜身上的寄生蟲(chóng)過(guò)分使用藥物，這讓它們也有了抗藥性。這對(duì)動(dòng)物的健康與安樂(lè)絕非好事，同樣也會(huì)減少飼養(yǎng)它們的農(nóng)民的利潤(rùn)。

　　This, at least, is the conclusion drawn by Ray Kaplan, a parasitologist at the University ofGeorgia who has just published a review of research on the problem. His results, whichappear in Veterinary Parasitology, make grim reading.

　　這至少是喬治亞大學(xué)寄生蟲(chóng)病學(xué)家雷?卡普蘭在他最近發(fā)表的有關(guān)這一問(wèn)題的研究綜述中得出的結(jié)論。他發(fā)表在《獸醫(yī)寄生蟲(chóng)學(xué)》上的文章讀來(lái)讓人心情沉重。

　　Sheep and goats are the worst affected. Studies in Australia, Brazil and the United Statessuggest that animals in half or more of farms in many parts of those countries are infestedwith drug-resistant worms. In some cases the parasites are resistant to every drug thatcan be thrown at them. The proportion of infested farms is lower in New Zealand, a countrythat has a huge population of sheep, but even there it is rising at a worrying rate.

　　綿羊與山羊受的影響最大。在澳大利亞、巴西和美國(guó)所做的研究表明，在這些國(guó)家的許多地區(qū)，一半或更多的農(nóng)場(chǎng)中的家畜身上有耐藥寄生蟲(chóng)。有些農(nóng)場(chǎng)的寄生蟲(chóng)對(duì)所有可用藥物有抗藥性。新西蘭的農(nóng)場(chǎng)飼養(yǎng)著大量綿羊，它們受到影響的比例比較低;但即使在該國(guó)，受影響農(nóng)場(chǎng)比例的增長(zhǎng)速度還是令人擔(dān)心。

　　Cattle, too, are afflicted. Dr Kaplan cites work done in Argentina, Brazil and New Zealand.And horses suffer as well, with resistant worms turning up in both America and Europe.

　　家牛也身受其害。卡普蘭博士引用了在阿根廷、巴西和新西蘭所做的研究工作。馬也是受害者，美國(guó)與歐洲的馬身上都發(fā)現(xiàn)了抗藥寄生蟲(chóng)。

　　The root of the problem is what Dr Kaplan refers to as global worming -giving drugsprophylactically to all livestock rather than reserving them for use as a treatment when ananimal actually becomes infested. It is common sense, of course, to try to preventinfestation rather than merely treating it once it has arisen.

　　問(wèn)題的根源是卡普蘭博士稱為 全球防蟲(chóng) 的現(xiàn)象預(yù)防性地對(duì)所有家畜用藥，而不是在動(dòng)物身上真正出現(xiàn)了寄生蟲(chóng)時(shí)投藥治療。當(dāng)然，防病勝于治病是常識(shí)。

　　Unfortunately, such promiscuous use of drugs is the best way to put selection pressure onthe worms and encourage the evolution of resistant strains.

　　不幸的是，這樣的預(yù)防性用藥是在寄生蟲(chóng)身上施加選擇壓力的最佳方法，能夠促進(jìn)抗藥品種的進(jìn)化。

　　What is needed, says Dr Kaplan, is more selective drug use, and better management.Worms are not evenly distributed. Instead, a minority of animals play host to most of them.Aiming treatment at those animals would reduce the likelihood of resistance emergingwithout harming a farmer s ability to control infestations. Better husbandry might help, too.Not grazing so many animals on a given patch of land would discourage transmission.

　　卡普蘭博士認(rèn)為，現(xiàn)在需要做的是加強(qiáng)管理與更有選擇性地用藥。寄生蟲(chóng)并非均勻寄生在各種動(dòng)物身上。有少數(shù)動(dòng)物是大多數(shù)寄生蟲(chóng)的寄主。集中治療這些動(dòng)物則會(huì)降低耐藥性發(fā)生的可能性，同時(shí)也不會(huì)損害農(nóng)民控制蟲(chóng)害的能力。改進(jìn)飼養(yǎng)方法或許也有益處。不在一塊草地上過(guò)量放牧動(dòng)物會(huì)減輕蟲(chóng)害傳播。

　　That, though, would bring problems of its own, as it would reduce the number of animalswhich could be raised on a given farm. Which leads to the nub of the issue: it is hard to workout exactly how much damage resistant worms are doing, and thus how much effort shouldbe put into trying to stop the spread of resistance-not least because, as Dr Kaplan foundout when he conducted his survey, the data are pretty sporadic. But they are worryingenough to be worth following up, for if resistance did get out of hand the consequences couldbe very expensive indeed.

　　但這本身也會(huì)帶來(lái)問(wèn)題，因?yàn)檫@會(huì)減少一座農(nóng)場(chǎng)能飼養(yǎng)的家畜數(shù)目。這就引出了問(wèn)題的癥結(jié)：人們很難確定抗藥寄生蟲(chóng)會(huì)造成多大的危害，因此也不知道該花多少代價(jià)來(lái)阻止抗藥性蔓延，因?yàn)楹苤匾氖牵ㄆ仗m博士在縱觀研究結(jié)果時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)相當(dāng)零散。但這些數(shù)據(jù)還是很令人憂慮，值得進(jìn)一步跟蹤，因?yàn)橐坏┤藗儫o(wú)法控制抗藥性，就確實(shí)可能會(huì)付出慘重的代價(jià)。

　　No one farmer is to blame. This is a tragedy of the commons, in which sensible individualdecisions have led to a collective difficulty. But it might behove farmers to think more abouthow they use anti-worm drugs. If they do not, they may find that those drugs have becomeuseless.

　　無(wú)法就此責(zé)備某個(gè)農(nóng)民。這是一個(gè)公地悲劇 [注]，許多明智的個(gè)人決定導(dǎo)致了群體的困難。但或許農(nóng)民們有責(zé)任多想想他們應(yīng)該如何使用抗寄生蟲(chóng)藥物。如果放棄這一責(zé)任，他們或許有一天會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這些藥物變得全然無(wú)用。

　　The risks of global worming

　　全球防蟲(chóng)的危險(xiǎn)

　　Widespread use of anti-parasite drugs is reducingtheir value

　　廣泛使用抗寄生蟲(chóng)藥物正在降低其療效

　　Safely grazing?

　　正在安全地吃草?

　　FOR decades, the overuse of antibiotics has encouraged the evolution of drug-resistantbacteria which, though they have never broken out and caused an epidemic in the way thatwas once feared, have nevertheless been responsible for many deaths that might otherwisehave been avoided. Now something similar seems to be happening in agriculture. Theoveruse of drugs against parasitic worms which infest stock animals means that these, too,are becoming drug-resistant. That is bad for the animals health and welfare, and equallybad for farmers profits.

　　幾十年來(lái)，廣泛使用抗生素促進(jìn)了耐藥病菌的進(jìn)化。盡管它們從來(lái)沒(méi)有失控，爆發(fā)人們一度為止恐懼的大規(guī)模瘟疫，但還是造成了大量本來(lái)可以避免的死亡。現(xiàn)在畜牧業(yè)中似乎也有類似現(xiàn)象。人們對(duì)家畜身上的寄生蟲(chóng)過(guò)分使用藥物，這讓它們也有了抗藥性。這對(duì)動(dòng)物的健康與安樂(lè)絕非好事，同樣也會(huì)減少飼養(yǎng)它們的農(nóng)民的利潤(rùn)。

　　This, at least, is the conclusion drawn by Ray Kaplan, a parasitologist at the University ofGeorgia who has just published a review of research on the problem. His results, whichappear in Veterinary Parasitology, make grim reading.

　　這至少是喬治亞大學(xué)寄生蟲(chóng)病學(xué)家雷?卡普蘭在他最近發(fā)表的有關(guān)這一問(wèn)題的研究綜述中得出的結(jié)論。他發(fā)表在《獸醫(yī)寄生蟲(chóng)學(xué)》上的文章讀來(lái)讓人心情沉重。

　　Sheep and goats are the worst affected. Studies in Australia, Brazil and the United Statessuggest that animals in half or more of farms in many parts of those countries are infestedwith drug-resistant worms. In some cases the parasites are resistant to every drug thatcan be thrown at them. The proportion of infested farms is lower in New Zealand, a countrythat has a huge population of sheep, but even there it is rising at a worrying rate.

　　綿羊與山羊受的影響最大。在澳大利亞、巴西和美國(guó)所做的研究表明，在這些國(guó)家的許多地區(qū)，一半或更多的農(nóng)場(chǎng)中的家畜身上有耐藥寄生蟲(chóng)。有些農(nóng)場(chǎng)的寄生蟲(chóng)對(duì)所有可用藥物有抗藥性。新西蘭的農(nóng)場(chǎng)飼養(yǎng)著大量綿羊，它們受到影響的比例比較低;但即使在該國(guó)，受影響農(nóng)場(chǎng)比例的增長(zhǎng)速度還是令人擔(dān)心。

　　Cattle, too, are afflicted. Dr Kaplan cites work done in Argentina, Brazil and New Zealand.And horses suffer as well, with resistant worms turning up in both America and Europe.

　　家牛也身受其害。卡普蘭博士引用了在阿根廷、巴西和新西蘭所做的研究工作。馬也是受害者，美國(guó)與歐洲的馬身上都發(fā)現(xiàn)了抗藥寄生蟲(chóng)。

　　The root of the problem is what Dr Kaplan refers to as global worming -giving drugsprophylactically to all livestock rather than reserving them for use as a treatment when ananimal actually becomes infested. It is common sense, of course, to try to preventinfestation rather than merely treating it once it has arisen.

　　問(wèn)題的根源是卡普蘭博士稱為 全球防蟲(chóng) 的現(xiàn)象預(yù)防性地對(duì)所有家畜用藥，而不是在動(dòng)物身上真正出現(xiàn)了寄生蟲(chóng)時(shí)投藥治療。當(dāng)然，防病勝于治病是常識(shí)。

　　Unfortunately, such promiscuous use of drugs is the best way to put selection pressure onthe worms and encourage the evolution of resistant strains.

　　不幸的是，這樣的預(yù)防性用藥是在寄生蟲(chóng)身上施加選擇壓力的最佳方法，能夠促進(jìn)抗藥品種的進(jìn)化。

　　What is needed, says Dr Kaplan, is more selective drug use, and better management.Worms are not evenly distributed. Instead, a minority of animals play host to most of them.Aiming treatment at those animals would reduce the likelihood of resistance emergingwithout harming a farmer s ability to control infestations. Better husbandry might help, too.Not grazing so many animals on a given patch of land would discourage transmission.

　　卡普蘭博士認(rèn)為，現(xiàn)在需要做的是加強(qiáng)管理與更有選擇性地用藥。寄生蟲(chóng)并非均勻寄生在各種動(dòng)物身上。有少數(shù)動(dòng)物是大多數(shù)寄生蟲(chóng)的寄主。集中治療這些動(dòng)物則會(huì)降低耐藥性發(fā)生的可能性，同時(shí)也不會(huì)損害農(nóng)民控制蟲(chóng)害的能力。改進(jìn)飼養(yǎng)方法或許也有益處。不在一塊草地上過(guò)量放牧動(dòng)物會(huì)減輕蟲(chóng)害傳播。

　　That, though, would bring problems of its own, as it would reduce the number of animalswhich could be raised on a given farm. Which leads to the nub of the issue: it is hard to workout exactly how much damage resistant worms are doing, and thus how much effort shouldbe put into trying to stop the spread of resistance-not least because, as Dr Kaplan foundout when he conducted his survey, the data are pretty sporadic. But they are worryingenough to be worth following up, for if resistance did get out of hand the consequences couldbe very expensive indeed.

　　但這本身也會(huì)帶來(lái)問(wèn)題，因?yàn)檫@會(huì)減少一座農(nóng)場(chǎng)能飼養(yǎng)的家畜數(shù)目。這就引出了問(wèn)題的癥結(jié)：人們很難確定抗藥寄生蟲(chóng)會(huì)造成多大的危害，因此也不知道該花多少代價(jià)來(lái)阻止抗藥性蔓延，因?yàn)楹苤匾氖牵ㄆ仗m博士在縱觀研究結(jié)果時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)相當(dāng)零散。但這些數(shù)據(jù)還是很令人憂慮，值得進(jìn)一步跟蹤，因?yàn)橐坏┤藗儫o(wú)法控制抗藥性，就確實(shí)可能會(huì)付出慘重的代價(jià)。

　　No one farmer is to blame. This is a tragedy of the commons, in which sensible individualdecisions have led to a collective difficulty. But it might behove farmers to think more abouthow they use anti-worm drugs. If they do not, they may find that those drugs have becomeuseless.

　　無(wú)法就此責(zé)備某個(gè)農(nóng)民。這是一個(gè)公地悲劇 [注]，許多明智的個(gè)人決定導(dǎo)致了群體的困難。但或許農(nóng)民們有責(zé)任多想想他們應(yīng)該如何使用抗寄生蟲(chóng)藥物。如果放棄這一責(zé)任，他們或許有一天會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這些藥物變得全然無(wú)用。