考研英語作文沖刺之小作文寫作技巧一
注意事項：
1)格式：稱呼，結尾，署名
2)簡明扼要，清楚明確。
3)遵照要求，內容齊全。
4)言語得體，真心誠意。
二、備忘錄
備忘錄是一種錄以備忘的公文。在公文函件中，它的等級是比較低的，主要用來提醒、督促對方，或就某個問題提出自己的意見或看法。在業務上，它一般用來補充正式文件的不足。它的內容可以分為以下幾項：
書端(Heading)
收文人的姓名、頭銜、地址(Addressees Name, Title, Address)
稱呼
事因
正文(Body)
結束語(Complimentary Close)
署名(Signature)
寫作注意事項
1、書端部分包括發文機關的名稱、地址、發文日期，有的還包括電報掛號、電傳號、電話號碼等。許多機關有自己特制的信箋，在寫書端時，其格式和標點符號的使用與一般信件的相同。
2、稱呼從左邊頂格寫起，對一般機關、團體的負責人一般用 Dear Sir， 對政府官員可用Sir。
3、正文、結束語和署名等項與一般信件的格式相同。事因一項目前采用得較少。
范文
Directions: Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the student service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory.
MEMO
August 16, 2005
To: The leader of student service department
From: Li Ming
Subject: Telephone
Dear Sir,
I would like to remind you that we are in want of a telephone for each dormitory. As a university student, we need to cope with the daily increasing communications with teachers, friends and people outside the campus.
We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us. Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication. I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as possible.
Regards. Yours, Li Ming
三、摘要
文章摘要是對所寫文章主要內容的精煉概括。美國人稱摘要為Abstract，而英國人則喜歡稱其為Summary。
通常國際刊物要求所要刊登的文章字數，包括摘要部分不超過1萬字。而對文章摘要部分的字數要求則更少。因此寫摘要時，應用最為簡練的語言來表達論文之精華。論文摘要的重點應放在所研究的成果和結論上。
國際會議要求的論文摘要的字數不等，一般為200字-500字。而國際刊物要求所刊登的論文摘要的字數通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，內容上涵蓋全文，并直接點明全旨。語言上要求盡量簡煉。摘要通常多采用第三人稱撰寫。
科學書籍、論文和學術報告一般都附有內容摘要，這樣可以節省讀者的時間，使他們不必讀完整個文章就能夠了解它的主要內容。書籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三;論文和學術報告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要應做到簡明扼要，切題，能獨立成文，使讀者能準確地了解書籍的要義。寫摘要時，最好用第三人稱的完整的陳述句，文長一般不超過200個詞。
英文摘要分類
摘要分陳述性的(Descriptive)和資料性的(Informational)兩類。陳述性摘要只陳述書籍或文章的主題，不介紹內容。資料性的摘要除了介紹主題外，還應介紹文章的要點和各個要點的主要內容。它可以包括三個組成部分：
①點明主題，解析文章或書籍的目的或意圖;
②介紹主要內容，使讀者迅速了解文章或書籍的概貌;
③提出結論或建議，以供讀者參考。
英文摘要常見句型
1)This paper deals with...
2)This article focuses on the topics of ...
3)This eassy presents knowledge that...
4)This thesis discusses...
5)This thesis analyzes...
6)This paper provides an overview of...
7)This paper elaborates on ...
8)This article gives an overview of...
9)This article compares...and summarizes key findings.
10)This paper includes discussions concerning...
11)This paper presents up to date information on...
12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...
13)This paper addresses important topics including...
14)This paper touches upon...
15)This paper strongly emphasizes...
16)This eassy represents the preceedings of ...
17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...
18)This paper considers...
19)This paper provides a method of ...
20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...
摘要題型寫作要點：
① 動筆之前，考生一定要認真仔細地閱讀所給原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要點。
② 摘要的長度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，考試時應遵守規定的字數限制。
③ 在做摘要時考生切忌照搬原文。
④ 摘要應與原文的觀點保持一致，并且仍按原文的邏輯順序排列。
⑤ 重點反映主要觀點，刪除細節。
⑥ 簡化從句，用簡短的語句代替冗長的語句。
⑦ 檢查與修改時，考生應重點檢查是否遺漏了原文的要點或包含了細節。
摘要題型寫作實例
① 試題題目
Directions: Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words.
We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 billion volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, and very close, that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of ones own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolute certainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter.
② 原文要點：
1. continue to have the most confused ideas of death like predecessors
2. avoid talking about death
③ 參考摘要：
People dislike talking about death because they just like their predecessors still have the vaguest ideas of the issue. They talk about death only when million upon millions of people are killed in war. When they find only very few people die each time and the death rates are almost equal, they become very anxious, thinking that next time they themselves will meet their doom. Therefore, they fear very much. However, they have a hope that when they control nature, they can avoid death.
注意事項：
1)格式：稱呼，結尾，署名
2)簡明扼要，清楚明確。
3)遵照要求，內容齊全。
4)言語得體，真心誠意。
二、備忘錄
備忘錄是一種錄以備忘的公文。在公文函件中，它的等級是比較低的，主要用來提醒、督促對方，或就某個問題提出自己的意見或看法。在業務上，它一般用來補充正式文件的不足。它的內容可以分為以下幾項：
書端(Heading)
收文人的姓名、頭銜、地址(Addressees Name, Title, Address)
稱呼
事因
正文(Body)
結束語(Complimentary Close)
署名(Signature)
寫作注意事項
1、書端部分包括發文機關的名稱、地址、發文日期，有的還包括電報掛號、電傳號、電話號碼等。許多機關有自己特制的信箋，在寫書端時，其格式和標點符號的使用與一般信件的相同。
2、稱呼從左邊頂格寫起，對一般機關、團體的負責人一般用 Dear Sir， 對政府官員可用Sir。
3、正文、結束語和署名等項與一般信件的格式相同。事因一項目前采用得較少。
范文
Directions: Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the student service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory.
MEMO
August 16, 2005
To: The leader of student service department
From: Li Ming
Subject: Telephone
Dear Sir,
I would like to remind you that we are in want of a telephone for each dormitory. As a university student, we need to cope with the daily increasing communications with teachers, friends and people outside the campus.
We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us. Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication. I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as possible.
Regards. Yours, Li Ming
三、摘要
文章摘要是對所寫文章主要內容的精煉概括。美國人稱摘要為Abstract，而英國人則喜歡稱其為Summary。
通常國際刊物要求所要刊登的文章字數，包括摘要部分不超過1萬字。而對文章摘要部分的字數要求則更少。因此寫摘要時，應用最為簡練的語言來表達論文之精華。論文摘要的重點應放在所研究的成果和結論上。
國際會議要求的論文摘要的字數不等，一般為200字-500字。而國際刊物要求所刊登的論文摘要的字數通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，內容上涵蓋全文，并直接點明全旨。語言上要求盡量簡煉。摘要通常多采用第三人稱撰寫。
科學書籍、論文和學術報告一般都附有內容摘要，這樣可以節省讀者的時間，使他們不必讀完整個文章就能夠了解它的主要內容。書籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三;論文和學術報告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要應做到簡明扼要，切題，能獨立成文，使讀者能準確地了解書籍的要義。寫摘要時，最好用第三人稱的完整的陳述句，文長一般不超過200個詞。
英文摘要分類
摘要分陳述性的(Descriptive)和資料性的(Informational)兩類。陳述性摘要只陳述書籍或文章的主題，不介紹內容。資料性的摘要除了介紹主題外，還應介紹文章的要點和各個要點的主要內容。它可以包括三個組成部分：
①點明主題，解析文章或書籍的目的或意圖;
②介紹主要內容，使讀者迅速了解文章或書籍的概貌;
③提出結論或建議，以供讀者參考。
英文摘要常見句型
1)This paper deals with...
2)This article focuses on the topics of ...
3)This eassy presents knowledge that...
4)This thesis discusses...
5)This thesis analyzes...
6)This paper provides an overview of...
7)This paper elaborates on ...
8)This article gives an overview of...
9)This article compares...and summarizes key findings.
10)This paper includes discussions concerning...
11)This paper presents up to date information on...
12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...
13)This paper addresses important topics including...
14)This paper touches upon...
15)This paper strongly emphasizes...
16)This eassy represents the preceedings of ...
17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...
18)This paper considers...
19)This paper provides a method of ...
20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...
摘要題型寫作要點：
① 動筆之前，考生一定要認真仔細地閱讀所給原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要點。
② 摘要的長度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，考試時應遵守規定的字數限制。
③ 在做摘要時考生切忌照搬原文。
④ 摘要應與原文的觀點保持一致，并且仍按原文的邏輯順序排列。
⑤ 重點反映主要觀點，刪除細節。
⑥ 簡化從句，用簡短的語句代替冗長的語句。
⑦ 檢查與修改時，考生應重點檢查是否遺漏了原文的要點或包含了細節。
摘要題型寫作實例
① 試題題目
Directions: Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words.
We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 billion volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, and very close, that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of ones own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolute certainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter.
② 原文要點：
1. continue to have the most confused ideas of death like predecessors
2. avoid talking about death
③ 參考摘要：
People dislike talking about death because they just like their predecessors still have the vaguest ideas of the issue. They talk about death only when million upon millions of people are killed in war. When they find only very few people die each time and the death rates are almost equal, they become very anxious, thinking that next time they themselves will meet their doom. Therefore, they fear very much. However, they have a hope that when they control nature, they can avoid death.
