王長喜四級大課堂（第九講）
很高興又與大家相聚網(wǎng)上課堂，今天我們要講的是四六級英語完形填空的測試特點和應(yīng)對策略。
完形填空是考查語言知識和語篇水平的綜合測試方式。要求考生具有一定的閱讀理解能力，扎實的語法知識，同時對各類詞法、句法、上下文邏輯關(guān)系、語義搭配以及寫作技巧等還需具有較強的運用能力。選擇完形填空與單句選擇填空在形式上相似，但考查的內(nèi)容卻包括詞匯、語法、閱讀和寫作等各方面的應(yīng)用能力。
下面我們首先來分析一下完形填空與詞匯語法、閱讀以及寫作之間的關(guān)系。
一、完形填空與其它測試手段之間的關(guān)系
1、完形填空與詞匯、語法填空 大學(xué)完形填空所采用的形式與詞匯語法選擇填空的形式是一致的。
在測試要點上，完形填空與詞匯語法選擇填空也有很大相似之處，如單詞的基本用法、同義詞近義詞辨別、常用句型、各種從句、謂語動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、以及非謂語動詞的用法等等。如：
1)When the new students are finally __80__，there may be one more step they have to take before registering for classes and getting to work.
80. A. adopted B. accepted C. received D. permitted 該題考查常用單詞辨析。
2)__84__ these programs, the young people to get know the __85__ for registration and student advising, university rules, the __86___ of the library and all the other __87__ services of the college or university.
84. A. For B. Among C. In D. On
85. A. processes B. procedures C. projects D. provisions
86. A. application B. usage C. use D. utility
87. A. major B. prominent C. key D. great
84題考查的是常用介詞的用法;
85----87題考查的是常用單詞的區(qū)別。
3) The behavior and ideals of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __79__ is better and higher than anything __80__ the past.
79. A. that B. what C. whichever D. whatever
80. A. for B. to C. within D. in
79題考查的是定語從句引導(dǎo)詞的運用;80題考查的是常用介詞短語的搭配。
4) Take it for granted that he likes everything and he probably __70__.
70. A. should B. may C. will D. must
70題所考查的是情態(tài)動詞的用法。
5) If all places __87__ alike, there would be little need for geographers.
87. A. being B. are C. be D. were
87題所考查的是謂語動詞虛擬語氣的用法。
6)The secondary routes may go up steep slopes, along high cliffs, or down frightening hillside to towns __87__ in deep valley.
87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied
87題所考查的既有l(wèi)ie與lay的區(qū)別，又有現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的用法。
7)People see the sun moving ___80__ the sky as morning turns to night, and the earth seems stationary __81__ that is happening.
80. A. around B. across C. on D. above
81. A. since B. so C. while D. for
80題考查的是常用介詞的搭配，81題考查的是時間狀語從句。 完形填空中對詞匯，語法的考查從以上各例可窺見一斑，其干擾項的設(shè)計與單項填空基本類似，但完形填空對上下文的依賴性更強。這就要求同學(xué)們不只是了解詞匯和語法知識，同時還必須具備一定的閱讀理解能力，對上下文的正確理解是完形填空的關(guān)鍵
2、完形填空與閱讀理解
完形填空是根據(jù)對文章的理解，依據(jù)一定的語言語篇知識將句子中所缺部分補全，使句子正確，使文章通順連貫。雖然完形填空并沒有對文章的主題擬定、細(xì)節(jié)判斷和事情因果推理的考查題，但同樣要求考生能把握文章的主題，同樣必須理解文章的細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)行必要的推理、判斷。只有在正確理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，才能根據(jù)意思的需要，補足缺少的部分。 下面是93年6月的一篇四級完形填空真題。因第一句通常是介紹文章的主題，為了便于考生理解全文，文章第一句沒有挖空。通過首句的閱讀，考生可以推測，該篇短文介紹的是與學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)責(zé)任有關(guān)的事情，作者欲闡述的觀點是：學(xué)生應(yīng)該自己負(fù)責(zé)自己的學(xué)習(xí)。
Many teachers believe that the respon-sibilities for learning lie with the students .__71__ a long reading assignment is given， instructors expect students to be familiar with the __72___ in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination. The __73___student is considered to be __74___ who is motivated to learn for the sake of __75___, not the one interested only in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned __76__ brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is __77___ for learning the material assigned. When research is __78__, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with __79__ guidance. It is the __80__ responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain __81__ a university library works; they expect students, __82__grade students, to be able tot exhaust the reference __83__ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but ___84___ that their students not be ___85__ dependent on them. In the United States, professors have many other duties __86___ teaching, such as administrative or research work. __87___ the time that a professor can spend with a student out of class is __88___. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either __89__ a professor during office hours __90__ make an appointment.
71. A. If B. Because C. Although D. Before
72. A. suggestion B. context C. abstract D. information
73. A. poor B. ideal C. average D. disappointed
74. A. such B. one C. any D. some
75. A. fun B. work C. learning D. prize
76. A. by B. in C. for D. with
77. A. criticized B. responsible C. innocent D. dismissed
78. A. collected B. distributed C. assigned D. finished
79. A. maximum B. minimum C. possible D. practical
80. A. students B. assistants C. professors D. librarians
81. A. when B. what C. why D. how
82. A. particularly B. essentially C. obviously D. rarely
83. A. selections B. collections C. sources D. origins
84. A. hate B. dislike C. like D. prefer
85. A. too B. such C. much D. more
86. A. but B. except C. with D. besides
87. A. However B. Therefore C. Furthermore D. Nevertheless
88. A. plentiful B. limited C. irregular D. flexible
89. A. greet B. annoy C. approach D. attach
90. A. or B. to C. and D. but
文章的所有細(xì)節(jié)都是為同一主題服務(wù)的。抓住這一主題，對文章細(xì)節(jié)的理解就不會出現(xiàn)偏差。
老師所期望的是具有自制力的學(xué)生，自然希望自己的學(xué)生不要太依賴自己，84答案為D，85 答案為A;當(dāng)分派給學(xué)生任務(wù)時，自然希望學(xué)生能夠獨立完成，盡可能少地需要自己的指導(dǎo)，說明79題答案為B;在完成研究任務(wù)時，查閱各種材料也應(yīng)該是學(xué)生的責(zé)任，80題答案為A;大學(xué)里，老師的任務(wù)很多，除了教學(xué)外還有行政、科研等任務(wù)，所以老師能給學(xué)生的時間是有限的，從這一因果關(guān)系可以判斷88答案為B，因此，如果學(xué)生真地有問題就應(yīng)該主動找老師或者給老師約好，89題答案為C，90題答案為A，所有這些都是圍繞一個主題展開，即：學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)責(zé)任應(yīng)由學(xué)生自己負(fù)責(zé)。 正確理解全文是做好完形填空的前提，但僅靠理解能力是不夠的。完形填空最終考查的是正確表達(dá)思想的能力。也就是說，做好完形填空還需要一定的寫作能力。
3、完形填空與寫作
完形填空是使考生通過閱讀有空缺的短文，利用自己的語言、語篇等方面的知識使短文的結(jié)構(gòu)和意思恢復(fù)完整。閱讀使考生獲取對短文信息的了解，寫作則幫助考生恢復(fù)短文結(jié)構(gòu)和意思的完整性。
不同的體裁，不同的主題，其語段寫作模式不同，有舉例、有列舉、有比較對照、有因果分析。根據(jù)語段的結(jié)構(gòu)模式把握短文寫作的思路，預(yù)測文章的發(fā)展，從而為解題找出依據(jù)。
寫作的基本原則是：文章結(jié)構(gòu)完整、內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一、語意連貫、語言簡潔，其中詞語的同現(xiàn)、復(fù)現(xiàn)手段以及銜接語的使用，是文章結(jié)構(gòu)得以完整、語意得以連貫、邏輯得以明了的主要手段，而完形填空中對此也有相當(dāng)部分的考查。如：
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A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply---all these were important __71___ in helping England to become the center for the Industrial Revolution. __72__ they were not enough. Something __73__ was needed to start the industrial process. That something special was men --- __74__ individuals who could invent machines, find new __75__ of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. The men who __76___ the machines of the Industrial Revolution __77___ from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were __78__ inventors than scientists. A man who is a __79___ scientist is primarily interested in doing his research __80___. He is not necessarily working __81__ that his findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied science is __82__ trying to make something that has a concrete __83__. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a __85__ result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of __86___ other objectives. Most of the people who __87___ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had __88__ or no training in science might not have made their inventions __89__ a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years __90__.
71. A. cases B. reasons C. factors D. situations
72. A. But B. And C. Besides D. Even
73. A. else B. near C. extra D. similar
74. A. generating B. effective C. motivation D. creative
75. A. origins B. sources C. bases D. discoveries
76. A. employed B. created C. operated D. controlled
77. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared
78. A. less B. better C. more D. worse
79. A. genuine B. practical C. pure D. clever
80. A. happily B. occasionally C. reluctantly D. accurately
81. A. now B. and C. all D. so
82. A. seldom B. sometimes C. usually D. never
83. a. plan B. use C. idea D. means
84. A. of B. with C. to D. as
85. A. single B. sole C. specialized D. specific
86. A. few B. those C. many D. all
87. A. proposed B. developed C. supplied D. offered
88. A. little B. much C. some D. any
89. A. as B. if C. because D. while
90. A. ago B. past C. ahead D. before
該篇短文講的是在英國工業(yè)革命中起重要作用的人，是人發(fā)明了機器。有關(guān)機器發(fā)明的概念貫穿整篇文章，第一段中的 ___74__ men who could invent machines 第二段中的 the men who ___76___the machines of Industrial Revolution 和 many of them were ___78__ inventors than scientists 最后一段的Most of the people who __87__ the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors。這些概念的重復(fù)在文章中起著紐帶的作用，把整篇文章連接起來。考試若能讀出這些，答案則自明。能發(fā)明機器自然是creative, 發(fā)明也就意味著 create 、 develop 。所以這些人與其說是科學(xué)家不如說是發(fā)明家，78題答案應(yīng)是C。 從文章的敘述邏輯來看，文章開端說明財富、自然資源、充足的勞動力等在促使英國成為工業(yè)革命中心的重要性，而接著介紹人的因素，并且文章的主要篇幅都是介紹的人的因素，說明72題應(yīng)是轉(zhuǎn)折詞but，由but引出文章的主題。第二段中Many of them were more inventors than scientists預(yù)示著下文將說明發(fā)明家 與科學(xué)家的不同。按照這個脈絡(luò)去閱讀，考生可以很輕松地找到下一個用于連接上下文的重復(fù)手段。第二段結(jié)尾so that his findings can be used 中used 與第三段第一句中的 applied science 以及to make something that has a concrete ___83___，是前后兩段有機地銜接在一起，考生可以很輕松地判斷83為use。另外第三段中冒號的使用從某種程度上就已經(jīng)交代了答案。通過分析后面的具體例子，考生可以判斷85答案為D。 銜接的手法很多，它們是文章必不可少的紐帶，同時也是完形填空常常考查的題點。掌握應(yīng)有的寫作技能將有助于完形填空能力的提高。
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二、 大學(xué)英語四級完形填空測試要點
從干擾項的設(shè)計來看，近幾年完形填空大體有以下特點:
1. 搭配題
1) 名詞與介詞的搭配，如95年的answers to ;
2) 形容詞和介詞的搭配 be confident in ;
3) 動詞與介詞的搭配，如97年的take sth for granted ,98年的judge from , get to work 和 adapt to ;
4) 動詞和名詞的搭配，如98年的 take step ;
5) 副詞與分詞的搭配,如98年的well prepared 等等。
這些都是常用的固定搭配,考生只要平時多加注意，在考試中便可輕松應(yīng)對。
2.短語
另外一類比較簡單的選項為短語，這些也大都是約定俗成的，如95年的take place，come from，97年的have an idea, come back, 98年的in the past, 2000年的learn by heart。
3.上下文線索
名詞、動詞、形容詞的選擇題中，大多情況下是四個選項沒有任何聯(lián)系，語義差別也比較大，選擇時需根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行語意方面的判斷，多數(shù)情況下，上下文中有同現(xiàn)和復(fù)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象，考生應(yīng)注意利用這些提示。
三、 完形填空解題技巧
注意詞匯知識的運用
完形填空中對詞的考查以實詞為主，如形容詞、動詞、副詞等。其中有相當(dāng)一部分詞匯題中各個選項之間并無大的聯(lián)系。這類題要求考生應(yīng)從上下文的語義入手，根據(jù)各選項單詞的意思和結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行選擇。
1. 注意動詞自身的結(jié)構(gòu)功能
對動詞來說，一般從兩點設(shè)干擾項，一是動詞的結(jié)構(gòu)功能，如能不能接賓語，接什么樣的賓語，能不能接復(fù)合賓語;二是上下文的語義要求。有相當(dāng)部分選擇題考生只從結(jié)構(gòu)上就可做出正確的判斷。 如：
① Individuals of every race __76__ civilization to go backward or forward.
76. A. make B. cause C. move D. turn
根據(jù)動詞的句法功能可以判斷答案為B。
② Some high school students may be __76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university.
A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required
根據(jù)四個選項的句法功能可以排除A，B兩個選項。從常識來看，大學(xué)招生時的面試是一項要求，而非一項命令，所以答案為D。
2. 注意分析動詞所包含的肯定/否定含義與上下文的關(guān)系
在做動詞選擇題時，除觀察動詞自身的結(jié)構(gòu)功能之外，還應(yīng)注意其語義特點，比如，有的單詞含有肯定含義，有的卻有否定的含義。考生可借助這一特點，分析具體的上下文。如：
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Do not talk too much to the child __75_ meal times, but let him get on with his food, and do not _76__ him to leave table immediately after a meal or he will __77__learn to swallow his food __78__ he can hurry back to his toys.
