題型三　閱讀理解第3講推理判斷題　對(duì)應(yīng)學(xué)生用書P50

　　[題型概述]

　　推理判斷題考查考生根據(jù)字面意思，通過邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章寓意的能力。推理判斷題涉及的可能是文中一句話或幾句話，甚至是文章或段落的主題。這類題型在近幾年高考閱讀理解中所占的比例有上升的趨勢(shì)。

　　與做主旨大意題一樣，要做好推理判斷題，我們首先應(yīng)了解它的選項(xiàng)特征。

　　1．推理判斷題正確選項(xiàng)特征

　　(1)“立足原文，只推一步”，即根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容，一步即可推得。

　　(2)選項(xiàng)中一般不可以出現(xiàn)絕對(duì)概念，如only, never, all, absolutely等，正確答案的表述一般有一點(diǎn)模糊，會(huì)用一些相對(duì)能夠留下一些余地的詞匯，如often, usually, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably等。

　　2．推理判斷題干擾選項(xiàng)特征

　　(1)曲解文意：即推測(cè)意義與文章表層意義有區(qū)別，推理判斷題中有些選項(xiàng)來自文章中的某一句或某幾句話，命題者可能會(huì)利用里面的字詞設(shè)計(jì)出干擾項(xiàng)，看似表達(dá)文章的意思，其實(shí)是借題發(fā)揮，是對(duì)原文意思的曲解。因此，考生在閱讀文章時(shí)要吃透文章的字面意思，從字里行間捕捉線索，這是推理判斷的前提和基礎(chǔ)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，考生通過分析、判斷，從而做出符合邏輯的推斷。

　　(2)張冠李戴：即把文章中作者的觀點(diǎn)與其他人的觀點(diǎn)混淆在一起。題干問的是作者的觀點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的卻是其他人的觀點(diǎn)；題干問的是其他人的觀點(diǎn)，選項(xiàng)中卻出現(xiàn)了作者的觀點(diǎn)。

　　(3)偷梁換柱：干擾項(xiàng)用了與文章中某一句話相似的句型結(jié)構(gòu)和單詞，卻在考生易忽視的地方換了幾個(gè)單詞，造成句意的改變。

　　(4)無中生有：這種類型的干擾項(xiàng)往往是基本的生活常識(shí)或普遍認(rèn)可的觀點(diǎn)，但在文章中并無相關(guān)的信息支撐點(diǎn)。其次，這種干擾項(xiàng)也有可能與設(shè)置的問題毫不相干。

　　(5)魚目混珠：魚目混珠類型的干擾項(xiàng)常出現(xiàn)在詞句理解類試題的選項(xiàng)中，即利用某個(gè)詞或句子的字面含義代替其在特定語境中的具體含義。

　　(6)擴(kuò)縮范圍：為了準(zhǔn)確、嚴(yán)密地表達(dá)文章內(nèi)容，命題者特別注意對(duì)文意范圍的限定，有時(shí)通過加上almost, all,

　　nearly,

　　more than,

　　normally,

　　usually等詞語對(duì)文意加以限制?！皵U(kuò)縮范圍”干擾法就是在選項(xiàng)中通過改變或去掉限制性詞語，將信息的范圍、程度、感情色彩等改變，從而給考生解題造成干擾的命題方法。

　　[題型突破]

　　[典題例析]　(2024·全國卷閱讀B節(jié)選)

　　No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama's mother-in-law, Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters. According to a study by grandparents. com, 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson's decision will influence grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama's family.

　　26．What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson's decision?

　　A．17% expressed their support for it.

　　B．Few people responded sympathetically.

　　C．83% believed it had a bad influence.

　　D．The majority thought it was a trend.

　　[解題樣板]

　　根據(jù)第二段中的“Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama's family.”可知，三分之二的人認(rèn)為更多的家庭將效仿奧巴馬的家庭，由此可知它將成為一種趨勢(shì)。

　　A 17%的人對(duì)這一做法表示支持。

　　根據(jù)本段倒數(shù)第二句話可以推斷出，17%的人對(duì)Mrs Robinson的決定持反對(duì)意見或保持中立態(tài)度。A項(xiàng)表述與原文意思相悖。 曲解文意

　　B 幾乎沒有人的反應(yīng)是支持的。

　　根據(jù)本段最后一句話可知，三分之二的人將效仿奧巴馬的家庭。B項(xiàng)表述與原文意思相悖。 曲解文意

　　C 83%的人認(rèn)為這會(huì)產(chǎn)生壞的影響。

　　根據(jù)本段倒數(shù)第二句話可知，83%的人認(rèn)為Mrs Robinson的決定會(huì)影響美國家庭的祖父母，但并沒有說會(huì)產(chǎn)生壞的影響。 偷梁換柱

　　D 大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為這是一種趨勢(shì)。

　　D項(xiàng)是根據(jù)原文做出的合理推斷。 合理推斷

　　[答案]　D

　　[題型技法]

　　3大步驟、5大解題技巧助你突破推理判斷題

　　(一)答題步驟

　　解答這類題的一般步驟是：

　　1．定位信息：通過尋讀找到相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)；

　　2．字面理解：理解相關(guān)信息點(diǎn)的字面意義；

　　3．深層理解：結(jié)合語境和常識(shí)，在字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行符合邏輯的推斷，從而理解作者的言外之意。

　　(二)答題技巧

　　推理判斷是一種創(chuàng)造性的思維活動(dòng)，但它并非無章可循。關(guān)鍵是要對(duì)文章已給的信息進(jìn)行合理的分析判斷，做到“有理有據(jù)”。同學(xué)們應(yīng)主要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

　　1．吃透文章的字面意思，從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線索，這是推理的前提和基礎(chǔ)。

　　2．對(duì)文章的表面信息進(jìn)行挖掘加工，由表入里，由淺入深，從具體到抽象，從特殊到一般，通過分析、綜合、判斷，進(jìn)行符合邏輯的推理。

　　3．忠實(shí)于原文，以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)。立足已知，推斷未知。不能主觀臆斷、憑空想象，更不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)。

　　4．把握句、段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，了解語篇的結(jié)構(gòu)。

　　5．解題時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

　　(1)直接陳述文章內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)不能選，要選擇根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容推理出來的選項(xiàng)；

　　(2)推理不是憑空猜測(cè)，而是立足已知推斷未知，因此正確選項(xiàng)一定能在文中找到依據(jù)或理由；

　　(3)不能以自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的想法，脫離原文的主觀臆斷都是不可選的。

　　[課堂鞏固訓(xùn)練]

　　A

　　(2024·山西省考前教學(xué)質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)) It's that time of year when people need to lock their cars. It's not because there are a lot of criminals running around stealing cars. Rather, it's because of good-hearted neighbors who want to share their harvest.

　　Especially with this year's large crop, leaving a car unlocked in my neighborhood is an invitation for someone to fill it with zucchini

　　(西葫蘆)．

　　My sister-in-law, Sharon, recently had a good year for tomatoes. She and her family had eaten and canned so many that they

　　began to feel their skin turn slightly red. That's when she decided it was time to share her blessings. She started calling everyone she knew. When that failed, she began to ask

　　everyone in the neighborhood like a politician, eventually finding a neighbor delighted to have the tomatoes. “Feel free to take whatever you want，” Sharon told her.She felt happy that she could help someone and that the food didn't go to waste.

　　A few days later, Sharon answered the door. There was the neighbor, holding a

　　loaf of bread. The neighbor smiled pleasantly, “I want to thank you for all of the tomatoes, and I have to admit that I took a few other things and hoped you wouldn't mind.”

　　Sharon couldn't think of anything else in her garden that had been worth harvesting and said so. “Oh, but you did，” the neighbor said. “You had some of the prettiest zucchini I've ever seen.”

　　Sharon was confused. Zucchini in her garden? They hadn't even planted any zucchini. But her neighbor insisted that there really were bright-green zucchini in Sharon's garden. Sharon's

　　curiosity got the better of her and she had to go and see where the zucchini had grown. The two of them walked together into the backyard. When the neighbor pointed at the long green vegetables, Sharon smiled.

　　“Well, actually, those are cucumbers that we never harvested, because they got too big, soft and bitter for eating or canning.”

　　The neighbor looked at Sharon, shock written all over her face. Then, she smiled, and held out the bread that she had shared all over the neighborhood,

　　“I brought you a loaf

　　of cucumber bread. I hope you like it.”

　　語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。文章主要描述了作者所在的社區(qū)鄰里之間互相分享一些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的事和期間鬧出的一些笑話。

　　1．Why does the author suggest that

　　people in the neighborhood

　　lock their cars?

　　A．They might be stolen by thieves.

　　B．They might be moved away by the police.

　　C．Their neighbors might fill them with their harvest.

　　D．Their neighbors might throw rubbish in

　　them.

　　解析：選C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Rather, it's because of good-hearted neighbors who want to share their harvest.”并結(jié)合上下文可推知，這是因?yàn)樗麄儫嵝牡泥従訒?huì)把收獲的東西塞進(jìn)未上鎖的車?yán)铩９蔬xC。

　　2．How did those who received Sharon's call react to the invitation to take her tomatoes?

　　A．They refused to take it.

　　B．They accepted it with pleasure.

　　C．They promised to come when they were free.

　　D．They recommended someone else who like them.

　　解析：選A　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“She started calling everyone she knew. When that failed ...”并結(jié)合上下文可知，Sharon給所有熟人打電話讓他們來她家里拿西紅柿，結(jié)果都失敗了；由此可推知，他們拒絕來她家拿西紅柿。故選A。

　　3．What did the neighbor do in Sharon's garden?

　　A．She harvested tomatoes only.

　　B．She harvested zucchini by

　　accident.

　　C．She took some cucumbers mistakenly.

　　D．She took something without Sharon's permission.

　　解析：選C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三至五段的內(nèi)容可知，Sharon的鄰居在她的園子里摘西紅柿?xí)r，誤把黃瓜當(dāng)作西葫蘆摘走了。故選C。

　　4．We can infer from

　　the article that the neighbor's

　　bread would taste ________.

　　A．bitter but tastyB．strange and funny

　　C．hard and sour

　　D．soft and sweet

　　解析：選B　推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Well, actually, those are cucumbers that we never harvested, because they got too big, soft and bitter for eating or canning.”和下文可知，鄰居是用Sharon園里的黃瓜做的面包；由此可推知，鄰居的面包嘗起來味道應(yīng)該會(huì)很怪而且讓人不大舒服。A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在tasty上；C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在hard上；D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在sweet上。故選B。

　　B

　　(2024·衡陽市高中畢業(yè)班聯(lián)考) Mostafa Hemdan is making a good living by recycling electronic waste, but success has not come without hurdles.

　　The 25-year-old man set up his firm five years ago in the garage of his parents' house. The business inspiration came from something he saw on TV. “I was watching a documentary about electronic recycling, and I realised there was a lot of potential in extracting metals from mother boards — gold, silver, copper, and platinum，” he says. “It was a booming industry in Europe and the US, but no one in the Middle East was doing it.” It was at that moment that the idea for Recyclobekia was born.

　　Recyclobekia's first order soon followed when a buyer in Hong Kong ordered 10 tonnes of hard disks. Despite partnering

　　with companies to buy their waste, the amount they provided was much lower than Recyclobekia expected, and in six months it had only managed to gather six tonnes.

　　Mr. Hemdan realised he needed to quickly improve his professional knowledge of the industry. So he flew to Hong Kong to study the work of recycling firms. The trip made Mr. Hemdan realise that he had to make a difference.

　　At the time it was simply collecting the old electronic items and sending them off to its buyer in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong firm would then break them apart, separate the materials, and sell them on to other companies which melted down and extracted (提取) the individual metals.

　　Mr. Hemdan realised Recyclobekia could get a better price, for waste that had already been broken up and separated. So he ended the Hong Kong deal, and instead signed up with a German extraction company. This also reduced Recyclobekia's shipping costs.

　　Today, the Egyptian businessman sells D|S2.4 m of electronic waste per year.

　　語篇解讀：本文是一篇記敘文。Mostafa Hemdan從一部關(guān)于電子產(chǎn)品回收的紀(jì)錄片中獲得靈感，創(chuàng)建了自己的電子產(chǎn)品回收公司，其間通過不斷努力和學(xué)習(xí)，最終獲得了成功。

　　5．Which of the following is the best title?

　　A．Turning Rubbish into Gold

　　B．Rising from the Mistakes

　　C．Recycling Domestic Waste

　　D．Seeking Business Potentials

　　解析：選A　標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容可知，Mostafa Hemdan建立了一個(gè)電子產(chǎn)品回收公司，從廢棄的電子產(chǎn)品中提取有用物質(zhì)，最終大獲成功。A項(xiàng)意為“變廢為寶”，體現(xiàn)了本文的核心主旨，適合做標(biāo)題。故選A。

　　6．We can infer that ________.

　　A．Mostafa Hemdan has already expanded his business across the Middle East

　　B．Recyclobekia was seriously punished for its ending the Hong Kong deal

　　C．Recyclobekia is now one of the most famous companies in the Middle East

　　D．Recyclobekia is one of the first businesses in Egypt to recycle electronic waste

　　解析：選D　推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“It was a booming industry in Europe and the US, but no one in the Middle East was doing it.”可推知，Mostafa Hemdan的公司Recyclobekia是埃及最先回收電子廢品的公司之一。故選D。

　　7．What did Mr. Hemdan decide to do after he returned from Hong Kong?

　　A．He decided to reduce the shipping costs.

　　B．He decided to change his business model.

　　C．He decided to update his professional skills.

　　D．He decided to improve the product designs.

　　解析：選B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“The trip made Mr. Hemdan realise that he had to make a difference.”以及下文的內(nèi)容可知，他決定改變自己的經(jīng)營模式。故選B。

　　8．Recyclobekia now makes more profits by ________.

　　A．selling electronic products

　　B．extracting the rare metals

　　C．sorting out electronic waste

　　D．shipping electronic waste

　　解析：選C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Mr. Hemdan realised Recyclobekia could get a

　　... with a German extraction company. ”可推知，這家公司現(xiàn)在是通過將廢棄的電子產(chǎn)品分類來賺取更多的利潤。故選C。