課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求中學(xué)生掌握常見的十種時(shí)態(tài)用法。近三年來各地試題考查最多的是一般過去時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。高考中動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)命題，每年每份試卷中都有2～3個(gè)小題，每小題均設(shè)置明確的語境。一般來說，命題人總是把易混淆或相近的時(shí)態(tài)放在一起，增加考題的難度。而被動(dòng)語態(tài)的考點(diǎn)大都集中在被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)，近三年來考查最多的時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，其次是一般過去時(shí)。1．(2024·福建，26)The girl has a great interest in sport and ________ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.A．took

　　B．is taking

　　C．takes

　　D．has been taking

　　2．(2024·北京，28)Hurry up! Mark and Carl ________ us.

　　A．expect

　　B．a(chǎn)re expecting

　　C．have expected

　　D．will expect

　　3．(2024·北京，32)—So what is the procedure?

　　—All the applicants ________ before a final decision is made by the authority.

　　A．interview

　　B．a(chǎn)re interviewing

　　C．a(chǎn)re interviewed

　　D．a(chǎn)re being interviewed

　　4．(2024·湖南，22)“What do you want to be？”asked Mrs.Crawford.“Oh, I________president，”said the boy, with a smile.

　　A．have been

　　B．a(chǎn)m

　　C．was

　　D．will be

　　5．(2024·湖南，26)If nothing________，the oceans will turn into fish deserts.

　　A．does

　　B．had been done

　　C．will do

　　D．is done

　　6．(2024·湖南，34)—I don't understand why you didn't go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.

　　—I'm so sorry.But I________my homework.

　　A．had done

　　B．was doing

　　C．would do

　　D．a(chǎn)m doing

　　7．(2024·江蘇，21)Generally，students' inner motivation with high expectations from others________essential to their development.

　　A．is

　　B．a(chǎn)re

　　C．was

　　D．were

　　8．(2024·江蘇，25)—Could I use your car tomorrow morning?

　　—Sure.I________a report at home.

　　A．will be writing

　　B．will have written

　　C．have written

　　D．have been writing

　　9．(2024·山東，27)—Oh no! We're too late.The train________.

　　— That's OK.We'll catch the next train to London.

　　A．was leaving

　　B．had left

　　C．has left

　　D．has been leaving

　　10．(2024·遼寧，22)He was unhappy when he sold his guitar.After all，he________it for a very long time.A.has had

　　B．had had

　　C．has

　　D．had

　　【例1】 “Life is like walking in the snow，”Granny used to say，“because every step ________.”A．has shown

　　B．is showing

　　C．shows

　　D．showed

　　【例2】 The fact that so many people still smoke in public places ________ that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking.

　　A．suggest

　　B．suggests

　　C．suggested

　　D．suggesting

　　答案　B

　　1．經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語如every...，sometimes，at...等連用。

　　I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

　　2．客觀真理、客觀存在、科學(xué)事實(shí)或格言警句，若出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

　　Columbus proved that the earth is round.(客觀真理)

　　3．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來

　　下列動(dòng)詞：come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。這主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。

　　The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.

　　4．if條件狀語從句中，主句用將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。

　　I won't go there， if it rains tomorrow.　

　　【例3】 The three of us ________ around Europe for about a month last summer.

　　A．travelled

　　B．have travelled

　　C．had travelled

　　D．travel

　　【例4】 When I got on the bus，I ________ I had left my wallet at home.

　　A．was realizing

　　B．realized

　　C．have realized

　　D．would realize

　　【特別提醒】

　　1．一般過去時(shí)也可與since和for引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如：

　　I ________ in London for many years，but I've never regretted my final decision to move back to China.　A．lived

　　B．was living

　　C．have lived

　　D．had lived

　　2．一般過去時(shí)還可與today，this week，this month，this year等時(shí)間狀語連用，但這些時(shí)間狀語顯然是指不包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的過去時(shí)間。例如：　Did you see her today？你今天見到她了嗎？

　　3．如果since從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)已結(jié)束，不再持續(xù)下去。例如：

　　It's two weeks since he was ill.他病愈已有兩周了。

　　It's a long time since she lived here.

　　她好久不在這里住了。

　　【例5】 —Ann is in hospital.

　　—Oh，really？I ________ know.I ________ go and visit her.

　　A．didn't；am going to

　　B．don't；would

　　C．don't；will

　　D．didn't；will

　　【例6】 Close the door of fear behind you，and you ________ the door of faith open before you.

　　A．saw

　　B．have seen

　　C．will see

　　D．a(chǎn)re seeing

　　一般將來時(shí)的用法

　　(1)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和存在的狀態(tài)；

　　(2)表示對將來的看法、假定或推測；

　　(3)常用在與時(shí)間狀語從句、條件狀語從句連用的主句中。　(4)“will＋do”表示從現(xiàn)在來看以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，指事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢。

　　Fish will die without water.

　　沒有水魚將會(huì)死。

　　(5)“be going to＋動(dòng)詞原形”多用于口語中，表示“打算或計(jì)劃要做某事”。此外，還可以表示說話人根據(jù)已有的事實(shí)或跡象，對未來進(jìn)行推斷。

　　They are going to meet outside the school gate.

　　他們打算在校門口見面。

　　(6)有些動(dòng)詞例如：go, come, begin, leave, arrive, return, take等，其一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)都可以表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

　　I'm leaving for Tibet on Sunday.

　　星期天我要去西藏。

　　【例7】 —I'm not finished with my dinner yet.

　　—But our friends ________ for us.

　　A．will wait

　　B．wait

　　C．have waited

　　D．a(chǎn)re waiting

　　【例8】 “The moment ________ soon”，he thought to himself，waiting nervously. A．came

　　B．has come

　　C．was coming

　　D．is coming

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法

　　(1)表示說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；

　　(2)表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；

　　(3)表示近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃；

　　(4)go，come等表示起止動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。

　　(5)常與always，often等頻度副詞連用，表示某種感情色彩。如：

　　He is teaching English and learning Chinese.

　　The girl is always talking loud in public.

　　(6)事物作主語時(shí)，多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃安排的活動(dòng)；人作主語時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示計(jì)劃要做的事。試比較：

　　The train leaves at 10 p．m.火車晚上10點(diǎn)開。

　　I am leaving tonight.我今天晚上要走了。

　　注意，下列動(dòng)詞不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)：

　　感覺類：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear等；

　　情感類：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear等；

　　思想類：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand，agree, know等；

　　其他類：have, contain, win, hold, belong to等。　

　　【例9】 After school we went to the readingroom to do some reading，only to be told that it ________.

　　A．was decorated

　　B．had decorated

　　C．had been decorating

　　D．was being decorated

　　【例10】 —When did the computer crash?

　　—This morning，while I ________ the reading materials downloaded from some websites.

　　A．have sorted

　　B．was sorting

　　C．a(chǎn)m sorting

　　D．had sorted

　　過去時(shí)行時(shí)的用法

　　(1)表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作(不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否完成)；

　　(2)表示某動(dòng)作在過去某時(shí)間段內(nèi)發(fā)生或經(jīng)常發(fā)生；

　　(3)在口語中，有時(shí)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在的想法，語氣顯得委婉。如：I was wondering if you could do me a favour.不知你能否幫我一個(gè)忙；

　　(4)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別：

　　a．一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已完成；而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行(未必完成)。

　　b．一般過去時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞既可以延續(xù)性的，也可是終止性的；而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的謂語只能是延續(xù)性的。如：

　　His brother joined in the army in 1992.他哥哥于1992年參軍。(join為終止性動(dòng)詞)。

　　My mother was cooking when I got home.我到家時(shí)我母親正在做飯。(cook為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)。

　　現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　【例11】 In order to find the missing child，villagers ________ all they can over the past five hours.

　　A．did

　　B．do

　　C．had done

　　D．have been doing

　　【例12】 Tom ________ in the library every night over the last three months.

　　A．works

　　B．worked

　　C．has been working

　　D．had been working

　　現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法

　　(1)表示從過去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，并且現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行。如：

　　I have been learning English since three years ago.

　　三年以來我一直在學(xué)英語。(現(xiàn)在還在學(xué))

　　The workers have been building the bridge for five months.工人們建造這座橋已經(jīng)5個(gè)月了。(現(xiàn)在還在建)

　　(2)表示從過去某時(shí)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，在說話時(shí)剛剛結(jié)束。如：

　　Where have you been？We have been looking for you everywhere.你剛才去了哪里？我們一直在到處找你。　

　　將來進(jìn)行時(shí)【例13】 I feel so excited！At this time tomorrow morning I ________ to Shanghai.

　　A．will be flying

　　B．will fly

　　C．have been flying

　　D．have flown

　　【例14】 If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring，you ________ fresh watermelon in the fall.

　　A．eat

　　B．would eat

　　C．have eaten

　　D．will be eating

　　將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法

　　(1)表示在將來某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

　　(2)表示稍后的安排。

　　(3)表示對將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作的預(yù)測。

　　(4)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)常與一些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語連用。這些常見的標(biāo)志性狀語有：

　　at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow，from 1：30pm to 4：30pm tomorrow/the day after tomorrow　

　　【例15】 —Look！Somebody ________ the sofa.

　　—Well，it wasn't me.I didn't do it.

　　A．is cleaning

　　B．was cleaning

　　C．has cleaned

　　D．had cleaned

　　【例16】 —I remember you were a talented pianist at college.Can you play the piano for me?

　　—Sorry，I ________ the piano for years.

　　A．don't play

　　B．wasn't playing

　　C．haven't played

　　D．hadn't played

　　1．表示過去的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果或影響，常與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，常與其連用的詞有already，just，never等。如：

　　His brother has joined the Party already.他的兄弟已經(jīng)入黨了。

　　2．表示從過去某時(shí)開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，通常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，常與表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：

　　I've taught English for 15 years.我教過15年英語。

　　Where have you been all these years?

　　你這些年去哪里了？

　　3．表示過去的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在來講已成為經(jīng)歷或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

　　We've all played with snow and ice.我們都玩過雪和冰。

　　4．常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型。

　　It has been(is)＋一段時(shí)間＋since從句。

　　This(That/It)is the first(second...)time＋that從句。

　　5．與since連用的句子常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，since后常接從句(需用過去時(shí))或表示過去某一時(shí)間的短語。

　　I've lived in this house since I moved here.自從我搬到這，就住在這所房子里。

　　6．在時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以代替將來完成時(shí)。　【例1】 By the time Jack returned home from England，his son ________ from college.

　　A．graduated

　　B．has graduated

　　C．had been graduating

　　D．had graduated

　　【例】 We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody ________ into the office during the night.

　　A．broke

　　B．had broken

　　C．has broken

　　D．was breaking

　　1．過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作(即表示“過去的過去”)。時(shí)間狀語可用by, before等構(gòu)成的短語，也可用時(shí)間狀語從句或通過上下文的語境表示。

　　He said that he had been abroad for three years.

　　他說他在國外呆了3年。

　　2．表示動(dòng)作在過去某一時(shí)間之前開始，一直延續(xù)到過去的這一時(shí)間，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作，常用的時(shí)間狀語有：by then, by the end of, by the time, until, before等。

　　Until then he had known nothing about it yet.

　　直到那時(shí)為止，他對此仍一無所知。　

　　3．用在It was the first/second/third ...time that ...句型中，that從句的謂語要用過去完成時(shí)。

　　This was the first time they had met in thirty－nine years.這是39年里他們第一次見面。

　　4．It was＋一段時(shí)間＋since從句。since從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí)。