2. solution

　　n. 解決辦法, 解答 【填一填?激活思維】 ①____ _______ __ the problem needs many hours.

　　解決這個(gè)問題需要好幾個(gè)小時(shí)。 ②Many years later, air pollution hasn’t _____ __ __ _______.

　　很多年以后, 空氣污染還沒有得到解決。 The

　　solution to come to a solution 【記一記?構(gòu)建知識(shí)】 (1)arrive at/come to/reach a solution得到解決 hit on a solution突然想到一個(gè)解決方法 solution to. . . ……的解決辦法; 解決……的辦法 (2)solve v. 解決, 解答 *(2024·湖北高考)But sometimes this power can create more problems than it solves.

　　但是有時(shí)候這種能力制造出的問題比它解決的多得多。 3. ahead adv. (時(shí)間、空間)在前面; 提前, 預(yù)先; 領(lǐng)先 【填一填?激活思維】 ①The new school was completed ______ __ ____.

　　新學(xué)校提前竣工了。 ②If you want to ask some questions, please ___ ______.

　　如果你們想問問題, 就請(qǐng)吧。 ③He wanted safety, a home, and a chance to ___ ______.

　　他希望能獲得人身安全, 能組建家庭并且有機(jī)會(huì)在事業(yè)上獲得成功。 ahead of time go ahead get ahead 【記一記?構(gòu)建知識(shí)】 ahead of time/schedule 提前 go ahead 進(jìn)行吧, 干吧 get ahead 取得進(jìn)步; 獲得成功 go ahead with sth. 開始著手做某事 *The two companies have already agreed in principle to go ahead with the project.

　　兩家公司已經(jīng)原則上達(dá)成協(xié)議實(shí)施這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。 4. basis n. 基礎(chǔ); 基準(zhǔn); 原因 【填一填?激活思維】 ①The theories of Newton were built ___ ___ _____ __ that of

　　Copernicus. 牛頓的理論是以哥白尼的理論為基礎(chǔ)的。 ②His research _______ ___ _____ __ his new book.

　　他的研究成果是他新書的基礎(chǔ)。 on the basis of formed the basis of 【記一記?構(gòu)建知識(shí)】 on the basis of 　在……的基礎(chǔ)上 form the basis of成為……的基礎(chǔ) base 　n. 基礎(chǔ); 基地; 根據(jù); 基數(shù)(如十進(jìn)制的 　10 和二進(jìn)制的2) 　vt. 基于; 把……建立在; 把……置于底 　座(或基座)上 base. . . on. . . 　以……為基礎(chǔ) *It’s based on personal relationships and trust.

　　它建立的基礎(chǔ)是私人關(guān)系和信任。 【辨一辨?明晰異同】 basis n. 主要用于抽象的基礎(chǔ), 如理論、學(xué)說(shuō)等 base n. 指構(gòu)成或支撐某一具體物體的基礎(chǔ), 也可指軍事基地; v. 以……為基礎(chǔ) 5. found vt. 興建, 創(chuàng)建 【填一填?激活思維】 ①He ________ the company with a friend in the 1970s.

　　他與他的一個(gè)朋友在20世紀(jì)70年代創(chuàng)辦了這家公司。 ②It’s a true love ________ ___ friendship and common

　　experience.

　　這是建立在友誼和共同經(jīng)歷上的真愛。 founded founded on 【記一記?構(gòu)建知識(shí)】 (1)found. . . on. . . 　將……建立在…… (2)founder n. 創(chuàng)始人, 創(chuàng)立者 *(2024·福建高考)Young Inspirations was founded two years ago to provide mentoring sessions for students and unemployed young adults aged 11 to 21.

　　Young Inspirations是兩年前成立的, 給11歲～21歲的學(xué)生和未就業(yè)的年輕人提供課程輔導(dǎo)。 *He was one of the founders of the university.

　　他是該大學(xué)的創(chuàng)建人之一。 6. in good condition狀況良好 【填一填?激活思維】 ①I promise to return your bicycle __ _____ _________.

　　我答應(yīng)一定完好無(wú)損地歸還你的自行車。 ②She found herself ___ __ _________ that day.

　　她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己那一天身體不太好。 in good condition out of condition 【記一記?構(gòu)建知識(shí)】 out of condition　身體不適 on condition that

　　條件是 on no condition　 決不(如果放在句首, 句子用倒裝) on this/that/what condition

　　在這個(gè)/那個(gè)/什么條件下 living/housing/working conditions 生活/住房/工作條件 *You can travel by air on condition that your blood pressure is stable. 在血壓穩(wěn)定的條件下你可以乘飛機(jī)旅行。 *On no condition can we betray our country.

　　我們決不能背叛祖國(guó)。 7. Then he turned his eyes east, and marched all the way to India, finding victory wherever he went.

　　然后, 他又把目光轉(zhuǎn)向東方, 長(zhǎng)驅(qū)直入印度, 所到之處, 攻無(wú)不克, 戰(zhàn)無(wú)不勝。 【填一填?激活思維】用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)完成句子。 ①____________________________, he pointed the gun at the

　　lion and fired.

　　他慢慢地走過草地, 把槍對(duì)準(zhǔn)獅子就射擊了。 ②Her husband died ten years ago, ___________________ ___________________.

　　她丈夫十年前去世了, 撇下她和三個(gè)需要照顧的孩子。 ③___________________________, he stayed at home.

　　由于沒完成作業(yè), 他只好待在家里。 Walking slowly across the grass leaving her with three children to look after Not having done his homework 【記一記?構(gòu)建知識(shí)】現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ) (1)現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ), 它們之間是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系;

　　(2)having done表示動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞而發(fā)生;

　　(3)having been done強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)和完成;

　　(4)在句中可以作時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、方式或伴隨狀語(yǔ), 通常相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句或并列分句。 *Having watered the flowers(＝After／When he had watered the flowers), he began to cut the grass.

　　他把花澆好后, 開始割草。 *Having been asked three times, he told me that he was from a European country.

　　問了他三次, 他才告訴我他來(lái)自歐洲的一個(gè)國(guó)家。 8. It is believed to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms from AD 200 to AD 400.

　　人們相信從公元200年到400年, 它逐漸被沙塵暴吞沒。 【填一填?激活思維】一句多譯。 ①Wisdom __ ________ __ ___ born with a man.

　　=__ __ ________ ____ wisdom is born with a man.

　　人們相信智慧是與生俱來(lái)的。 ②These Chinese herbs ___ ________ __ ___ good to heart.

　　=__ __ ________ ____ these Chinese herbs do good to heart.

　　人們相信這些中草藥對(duì)心臟有益。

　　is believed to be It is believed that are believed to do It is believed that 【記一記?構(gòu)建知識(shí)】 It be +過去分詞+ that 從句=Sth. /Sb. be +過去分詞+不定式 【拓展延伸】Sth. /Sb. be +過去分詞+不定式

　　Sth. /Sb. be +過去分詞+不定式的

　　其中不定式是由從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換來(lái)的, 從句謂語(yǔ)是一般時(shí)態(tài), 轉(zhuǎn)換成不定式的一般式; 從句謂語(yǔ)是進(jìn)行式轉(zhuǎn)換成不定式的進(jìn)行式; 從句謂語(yǔ)是完成式, 轉(zhuǎn)換成不定式的完成式。 一般式 進(jìn)行式 完成式 *It is said that all sudden deaths are caused by damage to the heart.

　　=All sudden deaths are said to be caused by damage to the heart.

　　據(jù)說(shuō)所有突發(fā)性死亡都是由心臟受損引起的。 *It is reported that the cause of lung cancer has been found.

　　=The cause of lung cancer is reported to have been found.

　　據(jù)報(bào)道肺癌的原因已經(jīng)被找到。 9. When asked how a statue from distant Greece could have appeared in China, researchers explained that no doubt this was a result of Alexander the Great’s influence.

　　當(dāng)被問及來(lái)自遙遠(yuǎn)希臘的塑像怎么會(huì)出現(xiàn)在中國(guó)時(shí), 研究人員解釋說(shuō), 這無(wú)疑是亞歷山大大帝的影響所致。 【填一填?激活思維】用適當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞填空。 ①He _____ have gone to Shanghai for I saw him a minute ago.

　　他不可能去了上海, 我剛才還看見他了。 ②It’s so late. Where ____ she have gone?

　　天這么晚了, 她可能去哪兒了呢?

　　③He is playing on the playground. He _____ have finished the

　　work. 他正在操場(chǎng)上玩呢。他一定已經(jīng)完成了工作。 ④She ______ have been ill yesterday, but I am not sure.

　　她昨天也許病了, 我不太確定。 can’t can must might 【記一記?構(gòu)建知識(shí)】 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have done表示對(duì)過去情況的推測(cè):

　　(1)could have done sth. 本來(lái)能做某事; 可能做過某事 (2)must have done sth. 過去肯定做過某事 (3)can’t/couldn’t have done sth. 過去不可能做過某事 (4)may/might have done sth. 過去可能做過某事(語(yǔ)氣不肯定) 【悟一悟?參透誤區(qū)】 (1)could have done還可以表示對(duì)過去客觀事實(shí)的虛擬。 (2)must通常用于肯定句, 表示推測(cè); 否定句與疑問句用can’t, couldn’t和can, could。 *Given another two days, I could have done it better.

　　如果再給我兩天時(shí)間, 我會(huì)把它做得更好。

　　【拓展延伸】其他情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+完成時(shí) (1)should/ought to+have done: 可用于肯定句、否定句或疑問句, 表示責(zé)備或遺憾等, 意為“本來(lái)應(yīng)該……”。 (2)shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have done sth. 過去本來(lái)不應(yīng)做某事卻做了 (3)needn’t have done本來(lái)不必 You needn’t have mentioned it. 你沒有必要提及此事的。 *(2024·山東高考)Many of his songs have remained popular as ever. 他的很多歌曲仍然像以前一樣流行。 *I bought a gift for her with the remaining money.

　　我用剩余的錢給她買了一件禮物。 【悟一悟?參透誤區(qū)】 (1)remain用作不及物動(dòng)詞, 只用于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài), 不可直接跟賓語(yǔ)。 (2)remain作系動(dòng)詞用, 后面接名詞、形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞等作表語(yǔ)。 (3)表示“剩余的”時(shí), 一定要用remaining或left。例如: 剩下的錢: the money left/the remaining money。 【拓展延伸】 不及物動(dòng)詞用作連系動(dòng)詞的有:

　　look(看起來(lái)), seem(似乎是), appear(似乎、顯得), stay(保持), stand(處于某狀況或情形), remain(保持), fall(變成某種狀態(tài)), come(成為), turn(變成), sound(聽起來(lái))等。例如:

　　He suddenly fell ill yesterday. 他昨天突然病了。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來(lái)很傷心。 Their dream has come true finally. 他們的夢(mèng)想終于實(shí)現(xiàn)了。 4. complain vi. 抱怨 【填一填?激活思維】 ①M(fèi)iners __________ ____ the government did not fulfill their

　　promises. 礦工們抱怨說(shuō)政府沒有履行諾言。 ②The American couple __________ ________ the high cost of

　　visiting Europe.

　　這對(duì)美國(guó)夫婦抱怨到歐洲旅行的花銷太高。 complained that complained about/of 【記一記?構(gòu)建知識(shí)】 (1)complain (that)

　　抱怨…… complain to sb. about/of向某人抱怨…… (2)complaint

　　n. 抱怨, 投訴 make a complaint 抱怨; 投訴 *(2024·江西高考)Mother always complains that children wear out their shoes very quickly.

　　母親總是抱怨孩子們把鞋穿破得太快了。 *I’ve made a complaint to the police about the loud noise.

　　我向警察投訴噪音太大。 5. declare vt. 宣布, 宣稱 【填一填?激活思維】 ①Britain ________ ____ _________ Germany in 1914.

　　英國(guó)在1914年向德國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)。 ②The judge ________ ____ __ ___ the winner.

　　裁判宣布他為獲勝者。 ③China _______ _______ nuclear war.

　　中國(guó)公開表示反對(duì)核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。 declared war on/against declared him

　　to be declares against 【記一記?構(gòu)建知識(shí)】 (1)declare that. . . 　宣布…… declare sb. /sth. (to be)＋adj.

　　宣布某人/某物…… declare for/against. . .

　　公開表示支持/反對(duì) declare war on/against

　　對(duì)……宣戰(zhàn) (2)declaration 　

　　n. 宣布, 宣言, 宣告; 申報(bào), 聲明(書) *(2024·遼寧高考)Some scientists declare that most of our fatigue comes from our mental and emotional attitudes.

　　一些科學(xué)家宣稱我們的疲勞大多產(chǎn)生于精神和情感態(tài)度。 *Only a month earlier, they had declared for the tax cut.

　　就在一個(gè)月前, 他們剛剛表示過贊成減稅。 【猜一猜?熟詞生義】觀察句子, 寫出黑體部分的含義。 All the governors must declare their income on this form.

　　(

　　) 申報(bào) 6. aware adj. 意識(shí)到的, 知道的; 察覺到的 【填一填?激活思維】 ①They ___ ______ __ the importance of protecting

　　environment.

　　他們清楚保護(hù)環(huán)境的重要性。 ②You ___ ___ ______ how worried I felt about your safety.

　　你不知道我多么擔(dān)心你的安全。 are aware of are not aware 【記一記?構(gòu)建知識(shí)】 (1)be/become aware of知道, 感覺到 be aware that-clause

　　知道……; 意識(shí)到 make sb. aware of使某人意識(shí)到 so/as far as I am aware據(jù)我所知 (2)awareness n. 認(rèn)識(shí), 意識(shí) *WHO report shows people’s awareness of food safety.

　　世界衛(wèi)生組織的報(bào)告表明人們意識(shí)到了食品的安全。 *(2024·湖北高考)They have been made fully aware of its dangers.

　　他們已經(jīng)完全意識(shí)到了它的危險(xiǎn)。 *As far as I am aware, he moved to Canada two years ago.

　　據(jù)我所知, 他兩年前移民到加拿大了。 【悟一悟?參透誤區(qū)】 (1)aware一般用作表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ), 不作定語(yǔ)。用于否定句時(shí), 后可跟疑問詞引導(dǎo)的從句。 (2)常用actually, perfectly, well, quite等副詞修飾aware, 意思是“非常清楚, 完全知道”, 但不用very修飾。 【拓展延伸】(1)不用very修飾的形容詞:

　　以a-開頭的形容詞, 如afraid, asleep, alone, alike, alive, awake以及worth, sure等, 這些形容詞一般作表語(yǔ), 不作定語(yǔ), 這些詞往往用特定的詞來(lái)修飾。 ①The child was fast/sound asleep.

　　這個(gè)孩子睡得很香。 ②Now she is quite awake.

　　現(xiàn)在她完全清醒了。 ③The little girl is much afraid of snakes.

　　這個(gè)小女孩很怕蛇。 ④The book is well worth reading again.

　　這本書很值得再看一遍。 ⑤Are you quite sure about that?

　　你對(duì)那件事很有把握嗎?

　　(2)aware/conscious/sensible 這些形容詞都含有“意識(shí)到的”之意 aware 強(qiáng)調(diào)通過耳聞目睹或感覺而得到的信息, 也指敏銳的觀察和推斷。側(cè)重感知, 多與of一起連用 conscious 指內(nèi)心的感覺, 強(qiáng)調(diào)深刻的心理活動(dòng) sensible 側(cè)重通過直覺或理性感覺意識(shí)到某物的存在 【核心短語(yǔ)】 7. take over 奪取; 接管; 掌握 【填一填?激活思維】觀察句子, 寫出黑體部分的含義。 ①After his father retired, he took over the company. (

　　) ②I took over her job while she was in New York. (

　　) ③The city was taken over by foreign invaders. (

　　) 接管 接替 奪取 【記一記?構(gòu)建知識(shí)】 take away　拿走, 移去, 減少

　　take apart　拆開, 分開 take back　 收回(諾言、話語(yǔ)等) take down　寫下, 記下; 拿下, 取下; 拆除, 拆掉 take in

　　收容; 吸收; 理解; 欺騙; 包括 take off 脫下; 起飛; (事業(yè)的)成功; 休假 take out拿出, 取出, 帶……出去 8. carry out進(jìn)行, 執(zhí)行, 實(shí)施 【填一填?激活思維】觀察句子, 寫出黑體部分的含義。 ①It was difficult to carry out the orders. (

　　) ②They decided to carry out the law of banning smoking in

　　public places. (

　　)

　　③Once you make a promise, you must carry it out. (

　　) ④With the help of his teacher, he succeeded in carrying out

　　the experiment. (

　　) 執(zhí)行 實(shí)施 履行 進(jìn)行, 做 【記一記?構(gòu)建知識(shí)】 carry sb. away

　　使某人失去控制 carry on (with sth. )　繼續(xù)(某事) carry sb. /sth. through幫助某人渡過難關(guān), 成功完成某事 9. in memory of 紀(jì)念 【填一填?激活思維】 ①The monument was built __ ________ __ the dead in the war.

　　建造這座紀(jì)念碑是為了紀(jì)念陣亡者。 ②He founded the charity __ ________ __ his late wife.

　　為了紀(jì)念他已故的妻子, 他創(chuàng)辦了那項(xiàng)慈善事業(yè)。 in memory of in memory of 【記一記?構(gòu)建知識(shí)】 in face of

　　面臨, 在……面前 in favour of 贊成, 支持 in honour of　

　　紀(jì)念, 對(duì)……表示敬意 in need of

　　需要 in place of

　　代替, 取代 in praise of

　　贊揚(yáng), 表?yè)P(yáng) in regard of關(guān)于, 就……而論, 在……方面 in support of　

　　支持 in terms of

　　就……而言, 從……方面 10. no doubt無(wú)疑, 確實(shí) 【填一填?激活思維】 ①(2024·江西高考) ___ ______ he wonders whether he wasn’t