第八節(jié)　定語(yǔ)從句

　　考點(diǎn)一

　　定語(yǔ)從句的基本用法

　　1．限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

　　限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間往往由逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。

　　He has two sons who work in the same company.他有兩個(gè)兒子在同一家公司上班。(Perhaps he has more than two sons.)

　　He has two sons，who work in the same company.他有兩個(gè)兒子，他們?cè)谕患夜旧习唷?He has only two sons.)

　　2．關(guān)系代詞who，whom，whose，that，which，as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

　　(1)who指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，也可作賓語(yǔ)(限制性定語(yǔ)從句中可省略)。

　　My brother who works in the hospital often looks after the patients carefully.

　　我在醫(yī)院工作的哥哥經(jīng)常細(xì)心照看病人。

　　(2)whom指人，在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)(限制性定語(yǔ)從句中可省略)。

　　That is the man (whom) I met at the school gate yesterday.

　　他就是我昨天在學(xué)校門(mén)口碰見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人。

　　My brother，whom you met the other day，has gone abroad.

　　前幾天你遇見(jiàn)過(guò)的我的那個(gè)兄弟出國(guó)了。

　　(3)whose指人和物，在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)。

　　She's the student whose handwriting is the best in my class.她就是我的班里書(shū)法最好的學(xué)生。

　　I live in a room whose windows face the south.

　　我住在一個(gè)窗戶(hù)朝南的屋子里。

　　(4)that指人和物，不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)(可省略)和表語(yǔ)。

　　These are the pictures (that) I took in China.

　　這些是我在中國(guó)拍的照片。

　　[名師點(diǎn)津]　as指人或物，在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中可指整個(gè)句子，一般作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。

　　As is known to us all，China is a developing country.

　　眾所周知，中國(guó)是個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家。

　　3．關(guān)系副詞when，where，why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

　　(1)when在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

　　I still remember the days when we stayed in England.

　　我仍然記得我們?cè)谟?guó)的那些日子。

　　(2)where在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。

　　This is the place where they used to take a walk after supper.

　　這就是他們過(guò)去在晚飯后經(jīng)常散步的地方。

　　(3)why在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)。

　　The reason why he was late is that his mother was ill.

　　他遲到的理由是他母親病了。

　　考點(diǎn)二

　　三組重點(diǎn)關(guān)系詞的區(qū)別

　　1．關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)別

　　關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的區(qū)別主要是在定語(yǔ)從句中的不同作用，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主、賓、表和定語(yǔ)，而關(guān)系副詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。關(guān)系副詞有時(shí)可相當(dāng)于“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”。

　　Do you still remember the days (that/which)we spent in Qingdao?

　　你還記得我們?cè)谇鄭u度過(guò)的日子嗎？

　　Do you still remember the days when(＝in which) we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?

　　你還記得我們?cè)谇鄭u過(guò)暑假的日子嗎？

　　2．that與which的區(qū)別

　　(1)只用that不用which的情況

　　先行詞是all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代詞時(shí)。

　　All that can be done has been done well.

　　能做的都已經(jīng)做好了。

　　先行詞被only，any，few，no，very，little等修飾時(shí)。

　　This is the only thing that I can do now.

　　這是現(xiàn)在我僅能做的事。

　　先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞或被形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。

　　It is the last train that will go to Shanghai.

　　這是去上海的最后一趟火車(chē)。

　　先行詞為人、物并用時(shí)。

　　Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about？你知道他們正在談?wù)摰娜撕褪聠幔?/p>

　　當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語(yǔ)，而關(guān)系代詞也在從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí)。

　　Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.

　　上海已不再是過(guò)去的那座城市了。

　　(2)只用which不用that的情況

　　引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。

　　His jokes didn't even raise a smile，which was embarrassing.

　　聽(tīng)了他講的笑話(huà)都沒(méi)人笑一下，真是太尷尬了。

　　關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)。

　　I bought a beautiful skirt，the price of which was very cheap.我買(mǎi)了件漂亮的裙子，其價(jià)格非常便宜。

　　3．which與as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別

　　which as

　　位置上 只能放在先行詞的后面 位置靈活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后

　　搭配上 無(wú)動(dòng)詞的限制 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常是表示感覺(jué)或心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞，如see，hear，know，expect，remember，guess，hope等

　　句意上 意為“這一點(diǎn)” 表示“正如……，正像……的那樣”

　　The air quality in the city，as is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.

　　正如報(bào)告所顯示的，在過(guò)去的兩個(gè)月里，這個(gè)城市的空氣質(zhì)量已有所改善。

　　After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，which turned out to be a wise decision.

　　大學(xué)畢業(yè)后我抽出一部分時(shí)間去旅游，事實(shí)證明這是一個(gè)明智的選擇。

　　考點(diǎn)三

　　“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

　　1．“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”中介詞后的關(guān)系詞只能是which或whom

　　Do you know the man with whom Mr.Black talked just now?

　　你認(rèn)識(shí)剛才和布萊克先生談話(huà)的那個(gè)人嗎？

　　2．“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”中介詞的確定

　　(1)與定語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成搭配，但需注意，有些固定短語(yǔ)中的介詞不能拆開(kāi)移到關(guān)系代詞前。

　　We can't find the house in which we used to live.

　　我們找不到過(guò)去曾經(jīng)住過(guò)的房子。

　　This is the person (whom) you are looking for.

　　這就是你找的那個(gè)人。(for不能提前)

　　(2)與定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞構(gòu)成搭配。

　　The tool with which he is working is called a hammer.

　　他正在使用的那種工具叫作錘子。

　　(3)當(dāng)“復(fù)合介詞短語(yǔ)＋which”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，這種定語(yǔ)從句常與先行詞用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，從句用倒裝語(yǔ)序。

　　He lives in a big house，in front of which stood a big tree.他住在一所大房子里，房前有棵大樹(shù)。

　　[名師點(diǎn)津]　“of＋which/whom”表示所屬關(guān)系。

　　Recently I bought an ancient vase，the price of which(＝whose price) was very reasonable.最近我買(mǎi)了個(gè)古代的花瓶，它的價(jià)錢(qián)很合理。

　　考點(diǎn)四

　　定語(yǔ)從句的其他要點(diǎn)

　　1．“介詞＋where”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

　　有時(shí)我們可以見(jiàn)到“介詞＋where”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，此時(shí)要與“介詞＋which”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句加以比較。

　　He hid himself behind the door，from where he saw the man take a photo of something on the desk.

　　他躲在門(mén)后面，從那里他看見(jiàn)那個(gè)人拍攝了桌子上的什么東西。(from where 指from behind the door而不是from the door)

　　2．當(dāng)先行詞是case，condition，situation，position，point，stage等表示抽象意義的名詞時(shí)用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

　　They have reached the point where they have to finish the task in 5 days.

　　他們已經(jīng)到了不得不5天內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)的地步了。

　　3．在定語(yǔ)從句中，the way在從句中充當(dāng)方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其后的關(guān)系詞可以是in which，that或省略；但是當(dāng)它在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等成分時(shí)，其后的關(guān)系詞就用that或which。

　　What surprised me was not what he said but the

　　wayhe said it.

　　讓我吃驚的不是他說(shuō)的話(huà)，而是他說(shuō)話(huà)的方式。

　　The way he explained to us was quite simple.

　　他向我們解釋的那種方法很簡(jiǎn)單。

　　4．先行詞是time，若time作“次數(shù)”講時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，that可省略；若time作“一段時(shí)間，時(shí)代”講且作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when或介詞at/during＋which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

　　This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.

　　這是總統(tǒng)第二次訪問(wèn)這個(gè)國(guó)家了。

　　This was a time when/during which there were no radios，no telephones or no TV sets.

　　這是一個(gè)沒(méi)有收音機(jī)、沒(méi)有電話(huà)，也沒(méi)有電視的時(shí)期。

　　5．whose和of which/whom引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

　　whose和of which/whom可以相互代替，但順序不同，whose＋名詞＝the＋名詞＋of which/whom。

　　This is the scientist whose name(the name of whom)is known all over the world.

　　這就是那位世界聞名的科學(xué)家。

　　6．分隔式定語(yǔ)從句

　　定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)不直接跟在先行詞之后，而是中間由一個(gè)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)隔開(kāi)。

　　There is an expression in her eyes that I can't read.

　　我不能理解她眼神中表達(dá)的東西。

　　[名師點(diǎn)津]　定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與先行詞保持一致。

　　試比較：

　　He is one of the students who have passed the driving test.他是通過(guò)駕照考試的學(xué)生之一。

　　He is the only one of the students who has passed the driving test.

　　他是唯一一位通過(guò)駕照考試的學(xué)生。

　　[本節(jié)小結(jié)]

　　從歷年的高考試題來(lái)看，主要考查引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的選擇、關(guān)系代詞which和that的區(qū)別、“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的用法、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞as和which的區(qū)別等方面。定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在先行詞的后面，但有時(shí)為了行文的需要，先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句直接也會(huì)被同位語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)等成分分開(kāi)，解決這類(lèi)題目的關(guān)鍵是把分隔部分去掉，并能夠正確查找先行詞。

　　針對(duì)訓(xùn)練

　　.用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞、介詞＋關(guān)系代詞或副詞填空

　　1．(2024·安徽高考) The exact year________Anglela and her family spent together in China was 2008.

　　【答案】　which/that

　　2．(2024·北京高考)I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week，________my classmates recommended to me.

　　【答案】　which

　　3．(2024·福建高考)Students should involve themselves in community activities

　　________

　　they can gain experience for growth.

　　【答案】　where/in which

　　4．(2024·湖南高考)I am looking forward to the day ________ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.

　　【答案】　when /on which

　　5．(2024·江蘇高考)The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication，especially at work________ a good impression is a must.

　　【答案】　where

　　/in which

　　6．(2024·江西高考) Among the many dangers ________ sailors have to face，probably the greatest of all is fog.

　　【答案】　which/ that

　　7．(2024·山東高考)A company ________profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.

　　【答案】　whose

　　8．(2024·陜西高考)Please send us all the information ________ you have about the candidate for the position.

　　【答案】　that

　　9．(2024·四川高考)Until now，we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children，________ is quite unexpected.

　　【答案】　which

　　10．(2024·天津高考)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of ________ uses it differently.

　　【答案】　which

　　.語(yǔ)篇填空

　　用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞完成下列短文

　　Do you know the man 1.________ wrote this book? He was Jason，one of the engineers 2.________ came from Russia in the 1950s.He worked in the same

　　factory 3.________ my

　　father

　　once worked.When he came to China，the first thing 4.________ he did was to visit the factory 5.________ did research on trolleybuses and found out the reason 6.________ China was so backward in it.

　　Then he spent every minute 7.________ he could spare to help China develop transportation.8.________ is mentioned above，Jason was a foreigner 9.________ made great contributions to our country and was a kind man to 10.________ we should say thanks.

　　【答案】　1.who　2.who　3.where　4.that　5.which/that　6.why　7.that　8.As　9.who/that　10.whom

　　綜合演練

　　語(yǔ)法填空

　　用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞完成下面短文

　　I have a good friend 1.________ name is Liu Mei.2.________ everyone agrees，she is a nice little girl，3.________ works hard at her lessons and does well in schooling.We are very good friends and there is much 4.________ we have in common.

　　One evening，she told me an accident 5.________ suddenly occurred，when her parents were out.At the moment，she was doing her homework when she smelt something 6.________ was burning.She stopped to look at the kitchen room，7.________ she found a cloud of smoking.

　　Fortunately，she didn't lose her head and all 8.________ she could do was to call for police.So she made an emergency call in the same way 9.________ she is often instructed at school.

　　So，be careful of fire，most of 10.________ comes all of a sudden and will eventually cause serious damage.

　　【答案】　1.whose　2.As　3.who　4.that　5.that(which)　6.that　7.where　8.that　9.as　10.which