4．表示伴隨狀況或行為方式，這種用法沒有相應的狀語從句可以代替，但可以用并列復合句或兩個簡單句代替 Thousands of students stood there，watching. (＝Thousands of students stood there and watched.)成千上萬的學生站在那兒觀看著。 They came into the classroom，singing and laughing. (＝They sang and laughed，and came into the classroom.)他們又唱又笑地走進教室。

　　5．表示結果，作結果狀語，沒有相應的狀語從句代替 The child fell，striking his head against the door and cutting it.小孩摔了一跤，頭在門上碰破了。

　　【溫馨提示】 (1)當v.-ing形式作狀語時，其邏輯主語就是句子的主語。如果v.-ing短語的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致，即為錯句。 Standing on the top of the mountain，I found the houses below looked like tiny toys. 當我站在山頂上時，我覺得下面的房子就像小玩具一樣。 (2)有時動詞的-ing形式或動詞的-ing短語有自己的邏輯主語，它們之間有邏輯上的主謂關系，稱之為獨立主格結構。 Class being over，the children could play football. 下課了，孩子們可以踢足球了。

　　(3)v.-ing為短語在句中作插入語，對全句作解釋，此時不存在其邏輯主語必須和句子主語一致的問題。 Generally speaking，newspapers follow the American way. 一般地說，報紙采用美國英語的拼法。 Frankly speaking，I don’t enjoy the performance. 坦率地說，我并不喜歡這場演出。

　　(4)v.-ing形式的否定式 not doing/not having done Not knowing Tom’s telephone number，Mary was very anxious.不知道湯姆的電話號碼，瑪麗很著急。 Not having finished my shopping，I couldn’t go home. 還沒買完東西，我不能回家。

　　(5)v.-ing的完成式 having done表示分詞所表示的動作先發(fā)生。 Having lived in the city for ten years，he got tired of the noisy life. 在城市里住了十年后，他厭倦了這種喧鬧的生活。 Ⅰ.用動詞的-ing形式改寫下列句子 1．After the students had cleaned the classroom，the students went to the playground to watch the football match. 【答案】Having cleaned the classroom，the students went to the playground to watch the football match.

　　2．Our town has dozens of factories，which includes several saw mills. 【答案】Our town has dozens of factories，including several saw mills. 3．She is writing a letter to a friend of hers，for she wants to invite him to attend the meeting. 【答案】She is writing a letter to a friend of hers，inviting him to attend the meeting.

　　4．After the city had been flooded for several weeks，the city needed food. 【答案】Having been flooded for several weeks，the city needed food. 5．The secretary worked late into the night.She prepared a long speech for the president. 【答案】The secretary worked late into the night，preparing a long speech for the president. 6．I fell ill，which worried my parents. 【答案】My falling ill worried my parents. Ⅱ.根據(jù)提示翻譯句子 1．在完成了我的家庭作業(yè)之后，我去了當?shù)氐淖匀槐Ｗo區(qū)。(Having done … ) 【答案】Having finished my homework，I made my way to the local nature reserve. 2．感到很疲倦，他一回家就上床睡覺了。(v.-ing) 【答案】Feeling exhausted，he went to bed as soon as he got home. 3．由于已經(jīng)去過那里幾次了，我昨天就沒有跟朋友一起去。(Having done … ) 【答案】Having visited the place for many times，I didn’t go there with my friend yesterday. 4．我不知怎樣找到地鐵，就去找警察幫忙。(v.-ing) 【答案】Not knowing how to find the subway，I asked a policeman for help. 5．布朗先生刷過牙，就下樓來吃早飯。(Having done … ) 【答案】Having brushed his teeth，Mr.Brown came downstairs for breakfast. 讀寫任務(五) 記敘文的敘事結構 一、記敘文的基本知識 記敘文的要素包括：時間、地點、人物、事件(開頭、發(fā)展、高潮、結束)，它們是構成一篇完整的記敘文不可以缺少的要素。具體的敘述過程可以體現(xiàn)在下面的“武松打虎”的故事里。 敘事結構 故事 說明 點題 Mr.Wu Song was a famous hero in China，who killed a tiger bare-fisted 900 years ago. 點明了故事的主題 指向 With a men-eating tiger in the forest，no one dared to cross the hill alone.But Wu tried it by himself. 介紹故事的緣起，一般包括時、地、人、事等等 敘事結構 故事 說明 進展1 He felt tired in the forest and fell asleep under a big tree …

　　連續(xù)多個(進展＋評議)的敘事結構反復套用，推動故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展，不知不覺地滲透了作者的情感與價值觀念。這個寫作手法很常用，叫做“夾敘夾議” 評議1 But he didn’t know he was in great danger！ 進展2 Suddenly out jumped an eye-hanging and white-forehead tiger from the big tree …

　　評議2 What a great hero Wu was.Alive or dead，he would fight bare-fisted a ferocious beast. 結果 Finally，the beast was beaten to death …

　　故事結束，滿足了讀者的好奇心 回應 It is important to keep calm and be brave before danger. 故事的寓意 (教育功能)

　　從上述的故事來看，采用的是第三人稱Wu Song，作者沒有出場，作者是隱藏的，不出現(xiàn)在文章中，但是他(她)更像一位無所不知的旁觀者，等待適當?shù)臅r機向讀者“拋售”他(她)隱藏的情感與價值觀念(例如“What a great hero Wu Was”強烈暗示了對武松的褒揚，讀者的情感不自覺地被引導到某個目標)，這些隱藏的情感與價值觀念就是寫作的動機，也就是寫作目的。寫作目的制約寫作過程的所有方面，如圖： 制約下位因素 寫作目的 被制約地位，為寫作目的服務 1記敘文的要素 2敘事的結構 3修辭過程 a時間 a點題 a精心構思情節(jié) b地點 b指向 b主題句安排 c人物 c進展 c句型選擇 d事件(開頭、發(fā)展、高潮、結束) d評議 d用詞選擇 e結果和回應 ……

　　二、記敘文的主要特點 故事“武松打虎”的寫作目的是贊揚武松的英勇無畏，臨危不懼的精神。為了達到這個寫作目的，作者作了如下安排。 第一，選擇特殊意義的事件 敘述故事屬于文學性的創(chuàng)作，最重要的素材內容，武松打虎是一個優(yōu)秀的材料，充分體現(xiàn)了英雄氣概，因為打虎幾乎沒有人能夠做到。 第二，令人難忘的情節(jié) 敘事的開頭就要抓住讀者的興趣。武松單人過岡，究竟有沒有老虎？老虎來了，命運如何？情節(jié)發(fā)展要快，情理之中，意料之外。 第三，形象生動的描寫 語言應該具體、生動、新鮮、形象(例如Suddenly out jumped an eye-hanging and white-forehead tiger from the big tree … )，人物形象躍然紙上。 這三個要求反映到高考寫作的過程，我們建議用“事件時空疊加法”創(chuàng)造合適的故事素材。 三、記敘文的內容構思——“事件時空疊加法” 【例題】 請根據(jù)以下的任務說明和寫作要求，寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。 【閱讀材料】 Mother’s Day When Mother’s Day was coming.Many good children were trying to find a good present for their beloved mothers.

　　Danny，aged 16，studied as a top student in a Indian middle school.He finally decided to buy a dishwasher for his mother.Firstly，dishwasher could set his mother free from daily dishwashing.Then more time could be spared for rest and to do things she liked to do.Secondly，dishwasher could protect mother’s hands from detergent(洗滌劑)．The boy put the machine in the kitchen without being noticed.He left a message on which he wrote down words like this: Happy mother’s Day!

　　Xiao Hong，aged 15，was a monitress in a mountain village school.She was about to visit her friends when she found her mother washing clothes in the courtyard.They didn’t have a washing machine.Seeing her mother look tired，she picked up the phone to cancel the appointment.She smiled and helped her mother with washing and the other housework …

　　然后以120詞寫一篇記敘文，描寫在母親節(jié)給媽媽送禮物的一次經(jīng)歷，并包括以下的內容要點： (1)敘述一次在母親節(jié)給媽媽送禮物的真實或虛構的經(jīng)歷； (2)你送禮物的經(jīng)過； (3)你對這件事情的感想。

　　【寫作要求】 1．可以參照閱讀材料的篇章結構，組織例子或故事，但不得直接引用原文的句子； 2．標題自定

　　四、學生樣本分析 1 That day was Mother’s day.But my mother couldn’t spend the day with me because she was ill in hospital.2 I got up early to see her.When I got to her room，I found she was still sleeping，so I decided to go to buy breakfast for my mother. 1．開頭缺少了“點題”，可以加上“This year’s mother’s day is the most unforgettable day for me”點明主題。 2．“指向”部分有味道，感人，吸引人。 3．總結評論：第一段交代清楚了記敘文的基本要素：時間、地點、人物、事件。 After I bought her some breakfast,4 it rained heavily suddenly. I had to wait until the rain stopped in the shop.Half an hour past，it still rained heavily.I thought my mother might get up and wait for me.So I decided to run to the hospital without an umbrella.I was wet and felt cold when I was running in the heavy rain.Suddenly I fell down because I stepped upon skins of banana.All the breakfast were fallen on the street at the same time，so I had to buy another breakfast for her again.When I went back to mother’s room with breakfast，my mother felt surprised for my wet and dirty clothes.5 I found her eyes was filled with tears.

　　4．“進展”的雨很及時，增加了文學味道，“孝心”經(jīng)歷了雨的洗禮。 5．“結果”達到了“孝心”寫作目的。 6．總結評論：可惜整段沒有“評論”。嘗試把第三段的黑體畫線句子插在“I found her eyes was filled with tears”之前，構成“進展＋評論”的敘事結構。多2～3組效果會更好。

　　This story makes me think deeply.My mother has taken good care of me for over 18 years.7 It was first time for me to take good care of her for return.I think I should treat my mother better in the future.In the past 18 years,8 I seldom do something for her as buying breakfast for her.But she still loves me and takes good care of me.I must also take good care of her.

　　7．黑體畫線句子調走后，第三段輕松些。 “回應”的議論性抒情畫龍點睛，但要簡短才能夠發(fā)人深思。這段文字比較冗長。 8．斜體部分有語法錯誤，但并不影響表達。 我們來分析一下記敘文的要素與敘事結構： 經(jīng)過一系列有目的的構思，因素有機組合，寫成了上述一篇感人的好文章，作文有三難，內容，結構和表達。內容要有效，題材好，結構巧妙，才有好文章。 時間 地點 事件 母親節(jié)的時候 在外面 看望母親 母親手術后 醫(yī)院病房 發(fā)現(xiàn)她病在床上 母親再次病了的時候 在雨中 給她買早餐，摔跤濕透 母親不能照顧我的時候 在大街上 早餐是最好的禮物 五、寫作練筆 以Mother’s Day為題目，描寫在母親節(jié)給媽媽送禮物的一次經(jīng)歷。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　【答案】 【參考范文】 I will never forget that special day I spent with my mother. Mother could only wear soft shoes after the operation，But her old ones were worn out.It was Mother’s Day today.I bought my mother a pair of sport shoes with the money saved. “Mum，I am back.”But I received no answer.It was quite unusual.I stepped into mother’s room，only to find her in bed.She was finally ill with heavy work，unable to hear me in her sweet dream …

　　I put aside the box and tiptoed into the kitchen.After some time，I put a hot porridge beside her bed.Mother’s gray hairs spread on the pillow and shone in the sunshine from the window.I began to comb her hair.I felt sour in my throat.Suddenly mother woke up and found what I was doing. That day was the first time that I had fed my mother. I found guilty in the depth of my heart.I didn’t know what to do.But my mother has kept it as the best gift. Period 3　Grammar v．-ing形式或v.-ing短語作狀語往往修飾謂語動詞表示動作，相當于相應的狀語從句或并列句。 1．表示時間，作時間狀語，相當于時間狀語從句 Walking along the street，I met my old classmate.(＝While I was walking along the street，I met my old classmate.)我在街上走的時候碰到了老同學。 現(xiàn)在分詞(v.-ing)作狀語 Turning on the light＝(When he turned on the light)，he was surprised to see his son lying on the floor. 他打開燈，驚訝地看見兒子躺在地上。 when/while＋動詞的-ing形式強調其表示的動作和謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生。 Look out for cars when (you are) crossing the street.過街時注意車輛。 Don’t reach sideways while (you are) standing on a ladder.站在梯子上時，不要側著身子伸手去拿東西。

　　2．表示原因，作原因狀語，相當于原因狀語從句 Being too young(＝As he was too young)，he couldn’t join the army.因為太年幼，他不能參軍。 Not knowing how to get there(＝As I did not know how to get there)，I had to ask the way. 因為不知道如何到那里，我只得問路。

　　3．表示條件，作條件狀語，相當于條件狀語從句 Driving too fast(＝If you drive too fast)，you will damage the car.如果你開車太快，你會把車子弄壞的。 Having more time(＝If I have more time)，I will do the work much better. 如果我有更多時間，我會把工作做得更好。

　　4．表示伴隨狀況或行為方式，這種用法沒有相應的狀語從句可以代替，但可以用并列復合句或兩個簡單句代替 Thousands of students stood there，watching. (＝Thousands of students stood there and watched.)成千上萬的學生站在那兒觀看著。 They came into the classroom，singing and laughing. (＝They sang and laughed，and came into the classroom.)他們又唱又笑地走進教室。

　　5．表示結果，作結果狀語，沒有相應的狀語從句代替 The child fell，striking his head against the door and cutting it.小孩摔了一跤，頭在門上碰破了。

　　【溫馨提示】 (1)當v.-ing形式作狀語時，其邏輯主語就是句子的主語。如果v.-ing短語的邏輯主語和句子主語不一致，即為錯句。 Standing on the top of the mountain，I found the houses below looked like tiny toys. 當我站在山頂上時，我覺得下面的房子就像小玩具一樣。 (2)有時動詞的-ing形式或動詞的-ing短語有自己的邏輯主語，它們之間有邏輯上的主謂關系，稱之為獨立主格結構。 Class being over，the children could play football. 下課了，孩子們可以踢足球了。

　　(3)v.-ing為短語在句中作插入語，對全句作解釋，此時不存在其邏輯主語必須和句子主語一致的問題。 Generally speaking，newspapers follow the American way. 一般地說，報紙采用美國英語的拼法。 Frankly speaking，I don’t enjoy the performance. 坦率地說，我并不喜歡這場演出。

　　(4)v.-ing形式的否定式 not doing/not having done Not knowing Tom’s telephone number，Mary was very anxious.不知道湯姆的電話號碼，瑪麗很著急。 Not having finished my shopping，I couldn’t go home. 還沒買完東西，我不能回家。

　　(5)v.-ing的完成式 having done表示分詞所表示的動作先發(fā)生。 Having lived in the city for ten years，he got tired of the noisy life. 在城市里住了十年后，他厭倦了這種喧鬧的生活。 Ⅰ.用動詞的-ing形式改寫下列句子 1．After the students had cleaned the classroom，the students went to the playground to watch the football match. 【答案】Having cleaned the classroom，the students went to the playground to watch the football match.

　　2．Our town has dozens of factories，which includes several saw mills. 【答案】Our town has dozens of factories，including several saw mills. 3．She is writing a letter to a friend of hers，for she wants to invite him to attend the meeting. 【答案】She is writing a letter to a friend of hers，inviting him to attend the meeting.

　　4．After the city had been flooded for several weeks，the city needed food. 【答案】Having been flooded for several weeks，the city needed food. 5．The secretary worked late into the night.She prepared a long speech for the president. 【答案】The secretary worked late into the night，preparing a long speech for the president. 6．I fell ill，which worried my parents. 【答案】My falling ill worried my parents. Ⅱ.根據(jù)提示翻譯句子 1．在完成了我的家庭作業(yè)之后，我去了當?shù)氐淖匀槐Ｗo區(qū)。(Having done … ) 【答案】Having finished my homework，I made my way to the local nature reserve. 2．感到很疲倦，他一回家就上床睡覺了。(v.-ing) 【答案】Feeling exhausted，he went to bed as soon as he got home. 3．由于已經(jīng)去過那里幾次了，我昨天就沒有跟朋友一起去。(Having done … ) 【答案】Having visited the place for many times，I didn’t go there with my friend yesterday. 4．我不知怎樣找到地鐵，就去找警察幫忙。(v.-ing) 【答案】Not knowing how to find the subway，I asked a policeman for help. 5．布朗先生刷過牙，就下樓來吃早飯。(Having done … ) 【答案】Having brushed his teeth，Mr.Brown came downstairs for breakfast. 讀寫任務(五) 記敘文的敘事結構 一、記敘文的基本知識 記敘文的要素包括：時間、地點、人物、事件(開頭、發(fā)展、高潮、結束)，它們是構成一篇完整的記敘文不可以缺少的要素。具體的敘述過程可以體現(xiàn)在下面的“武松打虎”的故事里。 敘事結構 故事 說明 點題 Mr.Wu Song was a famous hero in China，who killed a tiger bare-fisted 900 years ago. 點明了故事的主題 指向 With a men-eating tiger in the forest，no one dared to cross the hill alone.But Wu tried it by himself. 介紹故事的緣起，一般包括時、地、人、事等等 敘事結構 故事 說明 進展1 He felt tired in the forest and fell asleep under a big tree …

　　連續(xù)多個(進展＋評議)的敘事結構反復套用，推動故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展，不知不覺地滲透了作者的情感與價值觀念。這個寫作手法很常用，叫做“夾敘夾議” 評議1 But he didn’t know he was in great danger！ 進展2 Suddenly out jumped an eye-hanging and white-forehead tiger from the big tree …

　　評議2 What a great hero Wu was.Alive or dead，he would fight bare-fisted a ferocious beast. 結果 Finally，the beast was beaten to death …

　　故事結束，滿足了讀者的好奇心 回應 It is important to keep calm and be brave before danger. 故事的寓意 (教育功能)

　　從上述的故事來看，采用的是第三人稱Wu Song，作者沒有出場，作者是隱藏的，不出現(xiàn)在文章中，但是他(她)更像一位無所不知的旁觀者，等待適當?shù)臅r機向讀者“拋售”他(她)隱藏的情感與價值觀念(例如“What a great hero Wu Was”強烈暗示了對武松的褒揚，讀者的情感不自覺地被引導到某個目標)，這些隱藏的情感與價值觀念就是寫作的動機，也就是寫作目的。寫作目的制約寫作過程的所有方面，如圖： 制約下位因素 寫作目的 被制約地位，為寫作目的服務 1記敘文的要素 2敘事的結構 3修辭過程 a時間 a點題 a精心構思情節(jié) b地點 b指向 b主題句安排 c人物 c進展 c句型選擇 d事件(開頭、發(fā)展、高潮、結束) d評議 d用詞選擇 e結果和回應 ……

　　二、記敘文的主要特點 故事“武松打虎”的寫作目的是贊揚武松的英勇無畏，臨危不懼的精神。為了達到這個寫作目的，作者作了如下安排。 第一，選擇特殊意義的事件 敘述故事屬于文學性的創(chuàng)作，最重要的素材內容，武松打虎是一個優(yōu)秀的材料，充分體現(xiàn)了英雄氣概，因為打虎幾乎沒有人能夠做到。 第二，令人難忘的情節(jié) 敘事的開頭就要抓住讀者的興趣。武松單人過岡，究竟有沒有老虎？老虎來了，命運如何？情節(jié)發(fā)展要快，情理之中，意料之外。 第三，形象生動的描寫 語言應該具體、生動、新鮮、形象(例如Suddenly out jumped an eye-hanging and white-forehead tiger from the big tree … )，人物形象躍然紙上。 這三個要求反映到高考寫作的過程，我們建議用“事件時空疊加法”創(chuàng)造合適的故事素材。 三、記敘文的內容構思——“事件時空疊加法” 【例題】 請根據(jù)以下的任務說明和寫作要求，寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。 【閱讀材料】 Mother’s Day When Mother’s Day was coming.Many good children were trying to find a good present for their beloved mothers.

　　Danny，aged 16，studied as a top student in a Indian middle school.He finally decided to buy a dishwasher for his mother.Firstly，dishwasher could set his mother free from daily dishwashing.Then more time could be spared for rest and to do things she liked to do.Secondly，dishwasher could protect mother’s hands from detergent(洗滌劑)．The boy put the machine in the kitchen without being noticed.He left a message on which he wrote down words like this: Happy mother’s Day!

　　Xiao Hong，aged 15，was a monitress in a mountain village school.She was about to visit her friends when she found her mother washing clothes in the courtyard.They didn’t have a washing machine.Seeing her mother look tired，she picked up the phone to cancel the appointment.She smiled and helped her mother with washing and the other housework …

　　然后以120詞寫一篇記敘文，描寫在母親節(jié)給媽媽送禮物的一次經(jīng)歷，并包括以下的內容要點： (1)敘述一次在母親節(jié)給媽媽送禮物的真實或虛構的經(jīng)歷； (2)你送禮物的經(jīng)過； (3)你對這件事情的感想。

　　【寫作要求】 1．可以參照閱讀材料的篇章結構，組織例子或故事，但不得直接引用原文的句子； 2．標題自定

　　四、學生樣本分析 1 That day was Mother’s day.But my mother couldn’t spend the day with me because she was ill in hospital.2 I got up early to see her.When I got to her room，I found she was still sleeping，so I decided to go to buy breakfast for my mother. 1．開頭缺少了“點題”，可以加上“This year’s mother’s day is the most unforgettable day for me”點明主題。 2．“指向”部分有味道，感人，吸引人。 3．總結評論：第一段交代清楚了記敘文的基本要素：時間、地點、人物、事件。 After I bought her some breakfast,4 it rained heavily suddenly. I had to wait until the rain stopped in the shop.Half an hour past，it still rained heavily.I thought my mother might get up and wait for me.So I decided to run to the hospital without an umbrella.I was wet and felt cold when I was running in the heavy rain.Suddenly I fell down because I stepped upon skins of banana.All the breakfast were fallen on the street at the same time，so I had to buy another breakfast for her again.When I went back to mother’s room with breakfast，my mother felt surprised for my wet and dirty clothes.5 I found her eyes was filled with tears.

　　4．“進展”的雨很及時，增加了文學味道，“孝心”經(jīng)歷了雨的洗禮。 5．“結果”達到了“孝心”寫作目的。 6．總結評論：可惜整段沒有“評論”。嘗試把第三段的黑體畫線句子插在“I found her eyes was filled with tears”之前，構成“進展＋評論”的敘事結構。多2～3組效果會更好。

　　This story makes me think deeply.My mother has taken good care of me for over 18 years.7 It was first time for me to take good care of her for return.I think I should treat my mother better in the future.In the past 18 years,8 I seldom do something for her as buying breakfast for her.But she still loves me and takes good care of me.I must also take good care of her.

　　7．黑體畫線句子調走后，第三段輕松些。 “回應”的議論性抒情畫龍點睛，但要簡短才能夠發(fā)人深思。這段文字比較冗長。 8．斜體部分有語法錯誤，但并不影響表達。 我們來分析一下記敘文的要素與敘事結構： 經(jīng)過一系列有目的的構思，因素有機組合，寫成了上述一篇感人的好文章，作文有三難，內容，結構和表達。內容要有效，題材好，結構巧妙，才有好文章。 時間 地點 事件 母親節(jié)的時候 在外面 看望母親 母親手術后 醫(yī)院病房 發(fā)現(xiàn)她病在床上 母親再次病了的時候 在雨中 給她買早餐，摔跤濕透 母親不能照顧我的時候 在大街上 早餐是最好的禮物 五、寫作練筆 以Mother’s Day為題目，描寫在母親節(jié)給媽媽送禮物的一次經(jīng)歷。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

　　【答案】 【參考范文】 I will never forget that special day I spent with my mother. Mother could only wear soft shoes after the operation，But her old ones were worn out.It was Mother’s Day today.I bought my mother a pair of sport shoes with the money saved. “Mum，I am back.”But I received no answer.It was quite unusual.I stepped into mother’s room，only to find her in bed.She was finally ill with heavy work，unable to hear me in her sweet dream …

　　I put aside the box and tiptoed into the kitchen.After some time，I put a hot porridge beside her bed.Mother’s gray hairs spread on the pillow and shone in the sunshine from the window.I began to comb her hair.I felt sour in my throat.Suddenly mother woke up and found what I was doing. That day was the first time that I had fed my mother. I found guilty in the depth of my heart.I didn’t know what to do.But my mother has kept it as the best gift. Period 3　Grammar v．-ing形式或v.-ing短語作狀語往往修飾謂語動詞表示動作，相當于相應的狀語從句或并列句。 1．表示時間，作時間狀語，相當于時間狀語從句 Walking along the street，I met my old classmate.(＝While I was walking along the street，I met my old classmate.)我在街上走的時候碰到了老同學。 現(xiàn)在分詞(v.-ing)作狀語 Turning on the light＝(When he turned on the light)，he was surprised to see his son lying on the floor. 他打開燈，驚訝地看見兒子躺在地上。 when/while＋動詞的-ing形式強調其表示的動作和謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生。 Look out for cars when (you are) crossing the street.過街時注意車輛。 Don’t reach sideways while (you are) standing on a ladder.站在梯子上時，不要側著身子伸手去拿東西。

　　2．表示原因，作原因狀語，相當于原因狀語從句 Being too young(＝As he was too young)，he couldn’t join the army.因為太年幼，他不能參軍。 Not knowing how to get there(＝As I did not know how to get there)，I had to ask the way. 因為不知道如何到那里，我只得問路。

　　3．表示條件，作條件狀語，相當于條件狀語從句 Driving too fast(＝If you drive too fast)，you will damage the car.如果你開車太快，你會把車子弄壞的。 Having more time(＝If I have more time)，I will do the work much better. 如果我有更多時間，我會把工作做得更好。