新托福TPO 4綜合寫作詳細解析：恒溫動物
閱讀材料：
Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37℃, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
恒溫動物是指諸如現代鳥類和哺乳動物這種可以保持體溫恒定的動物。比如，人是恒溫動物，無論環境溫度是怎樣，體溫都維持在37℃。因為恐龍屬于爬行動物，而現代的爬行動物都不屬于恒溫動物，所以長期以來恐龍都被當做是變溫動物。然而，恐龍在很多地方都同現在的爬行動物不一致。同時，現在有大量的證據表明恐龍其實是恒溫動物。
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
極地恐龍
主張恐龍屬于恒溫動物的原因是在極地發現了恐龍。只有能夠很好維持體溫的動物才能在如此寒冷的地方生存。
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animals legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the bodys side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
腿的位置和運動方式
恒溫動物和腿的位置及運動方式有一定聯系。恒溫動物的生理結構允許它們進行持續的物理運動，比如奔跑。但是，只有當腿長在身體的下部而不是兩側的時候才能快速地奔跑，而像鱷魚或者很多蜥蜴的腿，都是長在身體兩側的。所有現代恒溫動物的腿都是長在身體下部的，而恐龍的腿也具有同樣的特點。這很有力地說明了恐龍是恒溫動物。
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly; and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
哈弗森管
恒溫動物和骨結構之間也有相應的關聯。很多恒溫動物都有一種名為哈弗森管的骨結構。這種哈弗森管可以保護神經和血管以保障動物快速地生長，而快速生長恰恰是恒溫動物的一個特征。哈弗森管的存在可以有力的說明該動物屬于恒溫動物，而恐龍的骨骼化石中常?？梢杂^察到哈弗森管。
閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 恐龍是恒溫動物
- Sub point 1: 恐龍的化石在極地發現，而極地只有恒溫動物生存，所以恐龍是恒溫動物。
- Sub point 2: 恐龍有跟恒溫動物一樣的腿結構，所以恐龍是恒溫動物。（這個是有邏輯漏洞的，一會在聽力部分我再解釋）
- Sub point 3: 恐龍跟恒溫動物一樣的哈弗森管，所以恐龍是恒溫動物。
觀點抽出方法：
這篇文章的觀點抽取上難度不是很大，但是問題的關鍵是要看到這個論證的邏輯鏈，而找到的邏輯鏈有助于我們在聽力的時候快速精準地提取有用信息。
分論點一的邏輯是：只有恒溫動物能適應極地的寒冷氣候，而恐龍能適應，所以恐龍是恒溫動物。這個只有讓這個邏輯關系合格，所以只能翻過極地的狀態和恐龍的狀態了，、
分論點二的邏輯是：是什么？是所有現代恒溫動物的腿都是長在身體下部的，而恐龍的腿也具有同樣的特點嗎？不是的，腿長在身體下部是恒溫動物的必要不充分條件。段內的邏輯是這樣的：腿長在身體下部可以快跑可以持續劇烈運動是恒溫動物。然后呢？把恐龍帶進去。哪個地方是有可能反駁的呢？聽力部分一定是要打碎這個邏輯鏈。
分論點三的邏輯是：有哈弗森管可以保護血管和神經可以快速生長恒溫動物。而恐龍恰好有恒溫動物。反駁的時候一定也是打碎邏輯鏈啦。
這種科學類的題目，很多都是建立在推測的基礎上的，所以推理論證就是最常用的方式啦。因為，反駁的時候也一定用打碎邏輯鏈的方式。
聽力材料：
Many scientists have problems with the arguments you read in the passage. They dont think those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms.
很多科學家對你們剛剛聽到的文章持有不同意見。他么認為這些理由不能支持恐龍是恒溫動物。
Take the polar dinosaur argument. When dinosaurs lived, even the Polar Regions, where dinosaur fossils have been found, were much warmer than today, warm enough during part of the year for animals that were not endotherms to live. And during the months when the Polar Regions were cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated like many modern reptiles do. So the presence of dinosaur fossils in Polar Regions doesnt prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.
先說一下極地恐龍的觀點。當恐龍存在的時候，極地，也就是這些發現化石的地方比現在要暖和很多。而且當極地很冷的幾個月里，這些極地恐龍會遷徙到暖和的地方或者像現在爬行動物一樣選擇冬眠。所以，在極地發現恐龍化石不能證明恐龍是恒溫動物。
Well, what about the fact those dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies, not out to the side like crocodiles. That doesnt necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy endotherms built for running. There is another explanation for having legs under the body. This body structure supports more weight, so with the legs under their bodies, dinosaurs can grow to a very large size. Being large had advantages for dinosaurs, so we dont need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaurs evolved to have their legs under their bodies.
那么，恐龍的腿在身體下方而不是兩側是怎么回事呢？這個是不足以證明恐龍是可以進行奔跑類劇烈運動的恒溫動物。腿生長在身體下部對于恐龍是別有的意義的。這樣的結構可以支撐更多的重量。所以腿長在身體下部可以讓恐龍長到非常大。對于恐龍來說，巨大的重量是非常有意義的，所以沒有比用要用恒溫動物和奔跑來解釋為什么恐龍進化出這樣的身體結構的。
Ok, so how about bone structure? Many dinosaur bones do have Haversian canals, and that is true. The dinosaur bones also have growth rings. Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when the dinosaurs werent rapidly growing. These growth rings are evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods. This pattern of periodic growth, you know, rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth, and then rapid growth again, is characteristic of animals that are not endotherms. Animals that maintain a constant body temperature year-round as true endotherms do grow rapidly even when the environment becomes cool.
恩，那么骨結構呢？很多恐龍確實有哈弗森管，這是事實不能否認。但是與此同時，恐龍還有生長環。生長環上比較厚的環節說明當時恐龍生長的緩慢。因此，生長環證明了恐龍在冷的時候生長緩慢甚至停止生長。這是一種周期性生長：一段時間不生長或者生長緩慢，然后接著快速生長。擁有這樣生長方式的動物不是恒溫動物。真正的恒溫動物可以一年四季保持恒定的體溫，因此可以在天氣很冷的情況下快速生長。
聽力筆記內容：
Main point：dont
Sub point one: warmer, migrated, hibernated
Sub point two: doesnt necessarily, for running, more weight, advantages
Sub point three: Haversian canals, growth ring, slowly or stop V.S. rapid, periodic
這些詞都聽到了嗎，都記下來了嗎？如果都聽到了，把他們帶回到之前閱讀部分總結的邏輯鏈，就可以告訴ETS是如何反駁的了，這樣就能完成ETS要求的要體現閱讀和聽力部分的關系了。
筆記格式（不能顯示我畫的表格）
閱讀主觀點區
聽力主觀點區
閱讀分論點一
聽力分論點一
邏輯鏈
細節
閱讀分論點二
聽力分論點二
邏輯鏈
細節
閱讀分論點三
聽力分論點三
邏輯鏈
細節
這些詞都聽到了嗎，都記下來了嗎？如果都聽到了，把他們帶回到之前閱讀部分總結的邏輯鏈，就可以告訴ETS是如何反駁的了，這樣就能完成ETS要求的要體現閱讀和聽力部分的關系了。
注意：
1 在開始聽前要畫好表格，這樣寫出來的不會亂，要不筆記就是一坨坨
2 閱讀時候要做好筆記，記住，一定要用詞而不是句子記筆記。用句子是非常不好的習慣，很耽誤時間，如果不會誤解的話，半個單詞也好。同時也不要因為寫作文的時候可以看到原文，因為原文很多時候是幫助聽力的。比如之前倫勃朗的以事實論證的，以及這篇用推理論證呢的，都能很大程度上幫助聽力部分的理解。
3 注意要記下概念性或人名類生詞，這些詞不知道具體意思沒有關系，但是聽力部分如果聽到了，不知道是指哪里就不好了。所以這個要記全詞。
4 一定要記筆記，不要以為自己聽懂的就不用記。綜合寫作沒有題目提醒你，細節又顯得十分重要，而且就算記憶再好，寫上十分鐘也就忘得差不多了，而十分鐘你第二點還沒寫完呢。
閱讀材料：
Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37℃, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
恒溫動物是指諸如現代鳥類和哺乳動物這種可以保持體溫恒定的動物。比如，人是恒溫動物，無論環境溫度是怎樣，體溫都維持在37℃。因為恐龍屬于爬行動物，而現代的爬行動物都不屬于恒溫動物，所以長期以來恐龍都被當做是變溫動物。然而，恐龍在很多地方都同現在的爬行動物不一致。同時，現在有大量的證據表明恐龍其實是恒溫動物。
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
極地恐龍
主張恐龍屬于恒溫動物的原因是在極地發現了恐龍。只有能夠很好維持體溫的動物才能在如此寒冷的地方生存。
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animals legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the bodys side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
腿的位置和運動方式
恒溫動物和腿的位置及運動方式有一定聯系。恒溫動物的生理結構允許它們進行持續的物理運動，比如奔跑。但是，只有當腿長在身體的下部而不是兩側的時候才能快速地奔跑，而像鱷魚或者很多蜥蜴的腿，都是長在身體兩側的。所有現代恒溫動物的腿都是長在身體下部的，而恐龍的腿也具有同樣的特點。這很有力地說明了恐龍是恒溫動物。
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly; and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
哈弗森管
恒溫動物和骨結構之間也有相應的關聯。很多恒溫動物都有一種名為哈弗森管的骨結構。這種哈弗森管可以保護神經和血管以保障動物快速地生長，而快速生長恰恰是恒溫動物的一個特征。哈弗森管的存在可以有力的說明該動物屬于恒溫動物，而恐龍的骨骼化石中常?？梢杂^察到哈弗森管。
閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：
- Main point: 恐龍是恒溫動物
- Sub point 1: 恐龍的化石在極地發現，而極地只有恒溫動物生存，所以恐龍是恒溫動物。
- Sub point 2: 恐龍有跟恒溫動物一樣的腿結構，所以恐龍是恒溫動物。（這個是有邏輯漏洞的，一會在聽力部分我再解釋）
- Sub point 3: 恐龍跟恒溫動物一樣的哈弗森管，所以恐龍是恒溫動物。
觀點抽出方法：
這篇文章的觀點抽取上難度不是很大，但是問題的關鍵是要看到這個論證的邏輯鏈，而找到的邏輯鏈有助于我們在聽力的時候快速精準地提取有用信息。
分論點一的邏輯是：只有恒溫動物能適應極地的寒冷氣候，而恐龍能適應，所以恐龍是恒溫動物。這個只有讓這個邏輯關系合格，所以只能翻過極地的狀態和恐龍的狀態了，、
分論點二的邏輯是：是什么？是所有現代恒溫動物的腿都是長在身體下部的，而恐龍的腿也具有同樣的特點嗎？不是的，腿長在身體下部是恒溫動物的必要不充分條件。段內的邏輯是這樣的：腿長在身體下部可以快跑可以持續劇烈運動是恒溫動物。然后呢？把恐龍帶進去。哪個地方是有可能反駁的呢？聽力部分一定是要打碎這個邏輯鏈。
分論點三的邏輯是：有哈弗森管可以保護血管和神經可以快速生長恒溫動物。而恐龍恰好有恒溫動物。反駁的時候一定也是打碎邏輯鏈啦。
這種科學類的題目，很多都是建立在推測的基礎上的，所以推理論證就是最常用的方式啦。因為，反駁的時候也一定用打碎邏輯鏈的方式。
聽力材料：
Many scientists have problems with the arguments you read in the passage. They dont think those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms.
很多科學家對你們剛剛聽到的文章持有不同意見。他么認為這些理由不能支持恐龍是恒溫動物。
Take the polar dinosaur argument. When dinosaurs lived, even the Polar Regions, where dinosaur fossils have been found, were much warmer than today, warm enough during part of the year for animals that were not endotherms to live. And during the months when the Polar Regions were cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated like many modern reptiles do. So the presence of dinosaur fossils in Polar Regions doesnt prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.
先說一下極地恐龍的觀點。當恐龍存在的時候，極地，也就是這些發現化石的地方比現在要暖和很多。而且當極地很冷的幾個月里，這些極地恐龍會遷徙到暖和的地方或者像現在爬行動物一樣選擇冬眠。所以，在極地發現恐龍化石不能證明恐龍是恒溫動物。
Well, what about the fact those dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies, not out to the side like crocodiles. That doesnt necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy endotherms built for running. There is another explanation for having legs under the body. This body structure supports more weight, so with the legs under their bodies, dinosaurs can grow to a very large size. Being large had advantages for dinosaurs, so we dont need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaurs evolved to have their legs under their bodies.
那么，恐龍的腿在身體下方而不是兩側是怎么回事呢？這個是不足以證明恐龍是可以進行奔跑類劇烈運動的恒溫動物。腿生長在身體下部對于恐龍是別有的意義的。這樣的結構可以支撐更多的重量。所以腿長在身體下部可以讓恐龍長到非常大。對于恐龍來說，巨大的重量是非常有意義的，所以沒有比用要用恒溫動物和奔跑來解釋為什么恐龍進化出這樣的身體結構的。
Ok, so how about bone structure? Many dinosaur bones do have Haversian canals, and that is true. The dinosaur bones also have growth rings. Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when the dinosaurs werent rapidly growing. These growth rings are evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods. This pattern of periodic growth, you know, rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth, and then rapid growth again, is characteristic of animals that are not endotherms. Animals that maintain a constant body temperature year-round as true endotherms do grow rapidly even when the environment becomes cool.
恩，那么骨結構呢？很多恐龍確實有哈弗森管，這是事實不能否認。但是與此同時，恐龍還有生長環。生長環上比較厚的環節說明當時恐龍生長的緩慢。因此，生長環證明了恐龍在冷的時候生長緩慢甚至停止生長。這是一種周期性生長：一段時間不生長或者生長緩慢，然后接著快速生長。擁有這樣生長方式的動物不是恒溫動物。真正的恒溫動物可以一年四季保持恒定的體溫，因此可以在天氣很冷的情況下快速生長。
聽力筆記內容：
Main point：dont
Sub point one: warmer, migrated, hibernated
Sub point two: doesnt necessarily, for running, more weight, advantages
Sub point three: Haversian canals, growth ring, slowly or stop V.S. rapid, periodic
這些詞都聽到了嗎，都記下來了嗎？如果都聽到了，把他們帶回到之前閱讀部分總結的邏輯鏈，就可以告訴ETS是如何反駁的了，這樣就能完成ETS要求的要體現閱讀和聽力部分的關系了。
筆記格式（不能顯示我畫的表格）
閱讀主觀點區
聽力主觀點區
閱讀分論點一
聽力分論點一
邏輯鏈
細節
閱讀分論點二
聽力分論點二
邏輯鏈
細節
閱讀分論點三
聽力分論點三
邏輯鏈
細節
這些詞都聽到了嗎，都記下來了嗎？如果都聽到了，把他們帶回到之前閱讀部分總結的邏輯鏈，就可以告訴ETS是如何反駁的了，這樣就能完成ETS要求的要體現閱讀和聽力部分的關系了。
注意：
1 在開始聽前要畫好表格，這樣寫出來的不會亂，要不筆記就是一坨坨
2 閱讀時候要做好筆記，記住，一定要用詞而不是句子記筆記。用句子是非常不好的習慣，很耽誤時間，如果不會誤解的話，半個單詞也好。同時也不要因為寫作文的時候可以看到原文，因為原文很多時候是幫助聽力的。比如之前倫勃朗的以事實論證的，以及這篇用推理論證呢的，都能很大程度上幫助聽力部分的理解。
3 注意要記下概念性或人名類生詞，這些詞不知道具體意思沒有關系，但是聽力部分如果聽到了，不知道是指哪里就不好了。所以這個要記全詞。
4 一定要記筆記，不要以為自己聽懂的就不用記。綜合寫作沒有題目提醒你，細節又顯得十分重要，而且就算記憶再好，寫上十分鐘也就忘得差不多了，而十分鐘你第二點還沒寫完呢。
