高中英語語法-高中英語語法講義2
高中英語語法講義2
二:虛擬語氣和情態動詞
情態動詞的基本用法及其區別
最近幾年高考試題中常常借助語境來考查情態動詞的基本用法及其區別,因此在平時學習時準確理解和掌握情態動詞的基本用法十分重要。情態動詞的用法復雜多變,在高考試題中,命題者常常利用語境和句子之間意義上的細微差別來考查學生對情態動詞的理解和掌握。對于情態動詞,除了要求考生能夠準確掌握它們的基本用法外,還要充分利用高考試題所設置的語境來分析句子之間所體現的特殊關系。下面就近幾年來高考試題中出現的情態動詞的考點進行歸納分析,以便同學們復習掌握。
一、用情態動詞+have +done結構表示對過去動作的推測,高考試題中常用過去時態或過去的時間狀語給以暗示。情態動詞的這一用法可以用 對立統一來概括。
1.當試題的前句和后句在動作和意義上相互補充說明,且整個句意在動作和時間上是一個整體時,我們可用統一關系來解決這樣的試題。常見的結構有:
must have done:
表示對過去動作的肯定推測,常譯作一定做了,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式為can't/couldn't have done?
疑問式為Can/Could...have done﹖。
could /might have done:表示對過去發生的動作的可能性推測,常譯作可能做了。如:
1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he
_____ your lecture. ?(上海 2000)
A. couldn't have attended
B. needn't have attended
C. mustn't have attended
D. shouldn't have attended
本題選A。
2) Jack ____ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me. (上海'97)
A. mustn't have arrived
B. shouldn't have arrived
C. can't have arrived
D. need not have arrived (C)
2.當試題的前后句在動作和意義上構成轉折關系時,常借助but, however, instead等詞來表示過去的動作與客觀事實不符,這時我們就可以用對立關系來解決這樣的試題。這種結構常見的有:
should have done / ought to have done:表示過去本應該做某事而實際上沒有做。
should not have done / ought not to have done:表示過去本不應該做某事但事實上卻做了。
need have done:表示過去本來有必要去做某事,但事實上沒有做。
need not have done:表示過去本來沒有必要做某事,但事實上卻做了。如:
3) I was really anxious about you. You _____ home without a word.
(NMET2001)
A. mustn't leave B. shouldn't have left
C. couldn't have left D. needn't leave
本不應該離家出走卻走了,故本題選B。
4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _____ for her.
(NMET'94)
A. had to write it out
B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out
D. ought to write it out
由句中的連詞but可知前后句之間是對立關系,分析題意可知本題應選C。
二、考查情態動詞基本用法之間的比較和辨析。最近幾年高考試題中常借助具體的語境來考查考生對那些最常見的情態動詞的基本用法的理解和掌握,因此在做這樣的試題時應認真分析語境中所含的實際意義,并結合情態動詞的基本含義和用法做出正確的選擇。
5) -Is John coming by train﹖
-He should, but he ______ not. He likes driving his car. (NMET2002)
A. must B. can C. need D. may
mustn't 表示禁止、不準cannot 表示不可能need not 表示不必要may not
表示可能不。分析語境可知本題應選D。
6) -I hear you've got a set of valuable Australian coins. ______ I have a look﹖
-Yes, certainly. (北京2002春)
A. Do B. May C. Shall D. Should
分析語境可知這是在征求對方的許可,may表示允許、可以,語氣比較委婉? shall常用于第一、三人稱作主語的疑問句中,表示征求對方意見和指示,如果此空用shall,則意為要(我)看一下嗎?,不符合上下文意思。故本題選B。
7) Mr Bush is on time for everything. How ____ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony﹖ (上海2001春)
A. can B. should C. may D. must
must be 表示肯定的猜測,只能用于肯定句中,由題意可知本題應選A。
8) -Are you coming to Jeff's party﹖
-I'm not sure. I ____ go to the concert instead. (NMET2000)
A. must B. would C. should D. might
由題意和下句中的 I'm not sure
可知這段對話中存在一種可能性推測,might可以用來表示一種比較委婉的可能性判斷,故本題選D。又如: I should have been there, but I _____ not find the time. (上海2000春) A. would B. could C. might D. should
分析題意可知第二個分句表示過去的某種能力;C 項只表示語氣上的可能性,與題意不符。故本題選B。
9) Johnny, you ____ play with the knife, you ____ hurt yourself.
(NMET'96)
A. won't; can't B. mustn't; may
C. shouldn't; must D. can't; shouldn't
mustn't 表示不可以;禁止,分析題意可知第二個空表示某種可能性,故本題選B。
10) -Will you stay for lunch﹖
-Sorry, ______. My brother is coming to see me. (NMET'99)
A. I mustn't B. I can't
C. I needn't D. I won't
分析題意可知因為我弟弟要來看我,所以不能留下,因此對別人的邀請或要求應給予禮貌的拒絕。A 項表示禁止C項表示不必要而D項表示不會,均不符合題意。故本題選B。又如:
-Could I borrow your dictionary﹖
-Yes, of course you _____.(MET'92)
A. might B. will C. can D. should (C)
11)-When can I come for the photos﹖ I need them tomorrow afternoon.
-They _____ be ready by 12?00. (NMET'98)
A. can B. should C. might D. need
該題考查情態動詞should的基本含義,分析句意可知本題應選B。又如:
12) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ____ get out.(NMET'97)
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
該題考查了could和be able to的區別,二者都可表示過去時間的能力,但如果表示過去成功地做了某事只能使用was / were able to do,故本題選D。
13) -Shall I tell John about it ﹖
-No, you _____. I've told him already. (NMET'94)
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
情態動詞shall在試題中表示征詢對方意見或請求指示。答句暗示 沒有必要了,故本題選A
虛擬語氣
最自然的虛擬狀態:由should/would+原型時態(不含時間只含狀態)
本質上是過去將來時:即,時間固定在過去將來,狀態不同:一般、進行、完成、完成進行。
這時虛擬語氣的產生往往是因為我們要表達本來應該(而現在卻還沒有)
(本來可以,本來能)
I should go! ( but I'm still here!) (一般)
I should be working now! (進行)
I should have practiced more (than I did)! (完成)
我應該多多練習!(言下之意,現在我練習得不多。)
I shouldn't dream away my time too much! (完成的否定)
(actually I did dream away my time too much!)
It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time! (完成進行)
I may/might/could have finished! (完成)
一些常見的句型中,就會出現這種虛擬語氣,而處于從句之中,should 常常被省略掉
o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;
o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;
o require, request;
o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.
由于他們的含義中包含建議,假設,應該這類的含義,所以,由他們引起的從句中,就會包含有should+原型時態構成的虛擬語氣。
這些動詞(以及他們的名次形式,分詞形式)引起的從句還有其他的變形:
主語從句,表語從句,同位語從句
It's suggested that
My suggestion is that
The only suggestion that...
The only suggestion I can give you now is that
一些形容詞引起的表語從句中,也會有同樣的情況
important; necessary; essential
It's natural ; strange; incredible that
a pity; a shame; no wonder
? 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的從句中多使用should
表達與事實相反
1. 與現在相反:使用[過去時]:
I wish I were not here! (一般現在'一般過去)
Suppose we were not here.
He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般現在'一般過去)
Hope I weren't always losing things! (現在進行'過去進行)
If only/If I hadn't been there! (現在完成'過去完成)
What if I hadn't been waiting right here! (現在完成進行'過去完成進行)
常考句型:It's (high) time (that) would rather (that)
這兩個從句,只能表達對現在的看法,所以,從句中只有一般過去時。
2. 與過去相反:過去完成時;
How nice it is if I had past the test!
How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!
3. 與將來相反?將來的事情沒有發生,所以只能推測且實現可能很小
I wish he could not smoke any more.
不過,由于可以用be to表示將來;所以,虛擬語氣中經常出現were to;也是CET-4的常考語法點。
虛擬條件句
o if 部分,做一個與事實相反的假設(所以只有一般過去和過去完成);
o 主句部分,這是表示基于這個假設的推測,一般使用情態動詞would,少數情況下使用could/might/should。
o 注意:兩個部分之間,是有邏輯關系,而在兩部分的謂語動詞時態上,沒有必然的聯系。
注意,虛擬條件句中的if可以省略,造成were/had提前,產生倒裝。
隱含的非真實條件 :由特殊的詞給出條件: with, without, in , but for, otherwise, or
How could I be happy without you? In his shoes, I would kill myself.
But for the storm, we would have arrived.
高中英語語法講義2
二:虛擬語氣和情態動詞
情態動詞的基本用法及其區別
最近幾年高考試題中常常借助語境來考查情態動詞的基本用法及其區別,因此在平時學習時準確理解和掌握情態動詞的基本用法十分重要。情態動詞的用法復雜多變,在高考試題中,命題者常常利用語境和句子之間意義上的細微差別來考查學生對情態動詞的理解和掌握。對于情態動詞,除了要求考生能夠準確掌握它們的基本用法外,還要充分利用高考試題所設置的語境來分析句子之間所體現的特殊關系。下面就近幾年來高考試題中出現的情態動詞的考點進行歸納分析,以便同學們復習掌握。
一、用情態動詞+have +done結構表示對過去動作的推測,高考試題中常用過去時態或過去的時間狀語給以暗示。情態動詞的這一用法可以用 對立統一來概括。
1.當試題的前句和后句在動作和意義上相互補充說明,且整個句意在動作和時間上是一個整體時,我們可用統一關系來解決這樣的試題。常見的結構有:
must have done:
表示對過去動作的肯定推測,常譯作一定做了,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式為can't/couldn't have done?
疑問式為Can/Could...have done﹖。
could /might have done:表示對過去發生的動作的可能性推測,常譯作可能做了。如:
1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he
_____ your lecture. ?(上海 2000)
A. couldn't have attended
B. needn't have attended
C. mustn't have attended
D. shouldn't have attended
本題選A。
2) Jack ____ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me. (上海'97)
A. mustn't have arrived
B. shouldn't have arrived
C. can't have arrived
D. need not have arrived (C)
2.當試題的前后句在動作和意義上構成轉折關系時,常借助but, however, instead等詞來表示過去的動作與客觀事實不符,這時我們就可以用對立關系來解決這樣的試題。這種結構常見的有:
should have done / ought to have done:表示過去本應該做某事而實際上沒有做。
should not have done / ought not to have done:表示過去本不應該做某事但事實上卻做了。
need have done:表示過去本來有必要去做某事,但事實上沒有做。
need not have done:表示過去本來沒有必要做某事,但事實上卻做了。如:
3) I was really anxious about you. You _____ home without a word.
(NMET2001)
A. mustn't leave B. shouldn't have left
C. couldn't have left D. needn't leave
本不應該離家出走卻走了,故本題選B。
4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _____ for her.
(NMET'94)
A. had to write it out
B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out
D. ought to write it out
由句中的連詞but可知前后句之間是對立關系,分析題意可知本題應選C。
二、考查情態動詞基本用法之間的比較和辨析。最近幾年高考試題中常借助具體的語境來考查考生對那些最常見的情態動詞的基本用法的理解和掌握,因此在做這樣的試題時應認真分析語境中所含的實際意義,并結合情態動詞的基本含義和用法做出正確的選擇。
5) -Is John coming by train﹖
-He should, but he ______ not. He likes driving his car. (NMET2002)
A. must B. can C. need D. may
mustn't 表示禁止、不準cannot 表示不可能need not 表示不必要may not
表示可能不。分析語境可知本題應選D。
6) -I hear you've got a set of valuable Australian coins. ______ I have a look﹖
-Yes, certainly. (北京2002春)
A. Do B. May C. Shall D. Should
分析語境可知這是在征求對方的許可,may表示允許、可以,語氣比較委婉? shall常用于第一、三人稱作主語的疑問句中,表示征求對方意見和指示,如果此空用shall,則意為要(我)看一下嗎?,不符合上下文意思。故本題選B。
7) Mr Bush is on time for everything. How ____ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony﹖ (上海2001春)
A. can B. should C. may D. must
must be 表示肯定的猜測,只能用于肯定句中,由題意可知本題應選A。
8) -Are you coming to Jeff's party﹖
-I'm not sure. I ____ go to the concert instead. (NMET2000)
A. must B. would C. should D. might
由題意和下句中的 I'm not sure
可知這段對話中存在一種可能性推測,might可以用來表示一種比較委婉的可能性判斷,故本題選D。又如: I should have been there, but I _____ not find the time. (上海2000春) A. would B. could C. might D. should
分析題意可知第二個分句表示過去的某種能力;C 項只表示語氣上的可能性,與題意不符。故本題選B。
9) Johnny, you ____ play with the knife, you ____ hurt yourself.
(NMET'96)
A. won't; can't B. mustn't; may
C. shouldn't; must D. can't; shouldn't
mustn't 表示不可以;禁止,分析題意可知第二個空表示某種可能性,故本題選B。
10) -Will you stay for lunch﹖
-Sorry, ______. My brother is coming to see me. (NMET'99)
A. I mustn't B. I can't
C. I needn't D. I won't
分析題意可知因為我弟弟要來看我,所以不能留下,因此對別人的邀請或要求應給予禮貌的拒絕。A 項表示禁止C項表示不必要而D項表示不會,均不符合題意。故本題選B。又如:
-Could I borrow your dictionary﹖
-Yes, of course you _____.(MET'92)
A. might B. will C. can D. should (C)
11)-When can I come for the photos﹖ I need them tomorrow afternoon.
-They _____ be ready by 12?00. (NMET'98)
A. can B. should C. might D. need
該題考查情態動詞should的基本含義,分析句意可知本題應選B。又如:
12) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ____ get out.(NMET'97)
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
該題考查了could和be able to的區別,二者都可表示過去時間的能力,但如果表示過去成功地做了某事只能使用was / were able to do,故本題選D。
13) -Shall I tell John about it ﹖
-No, you _____. I've told him already. (NMET'94)
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
情態動詞shall在試題中表示征詢對方意見或請求指示。答句暗示 沒有必要了,故本題選A
虛擬語氣
最自然的虛擬狀態:由should/would+原型時態(不含時間只含狀態)
本質上是過去將來時:即,時間固定在過去將來,狀態不同:一般、進行、完成、完成進行。
這時虛擬語氣的產生往往是因為我們要表達本來應該(而現在卻還沒有)
(本來可以,本來能)
I should go! ( but I'm still here!) (一般)
I should be working now! (進行)
I should have practiced more (than I did)! (完成)
我應該多多練習!(言下之意,現在我練習得不多。)
I shouldn't dream away my time too much! (完成的否定)
(actually I did dream away my time too much!)
It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time! (完成進行)
I may/might/could have finished! (完成)
一些常見的句型中,就會出現這種虛擬語氣,而處于從句之中,should 常常被省略掉
o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;
o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;
o require, request;
o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.
由于他們的含義中包含建議,假設,應該這類的含義,所以,由他們引起的從句中,就會包含有should+原型時態構成的虛擬語氣。
這些動詞(以及他們的名次形式,分詞形式)引起的從句還有其他的變形:
主語從句,表語從句,同位語從句
It's suggested that
My suggestion is that
The only suggestion that...
The only suggestion I can give you now is that
一些形容詞引起的表語從句中,也會有同樣的情況
important; necessary; essential
It's natural ; strange; incredible that
a pity; a shame; no wonder
? 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的從句中多使用should
表達與事實相反
1. 與現在相反:使用[過去時]:
I wish I were not here! (一般現在'一般過去)
Suppose we were not here.
He loved me as if I were his own son. (一般現在'一般過去)
Hope I weren't always losing things! (現在進行'過去進行)
If only/If I hadn't been there! (現在完成'過去完成)
What if I hadn't been waiting right here! (現在完成進行'過去完成進行)
常考句型:It's (high) time (that) would rather (that)
這兩個從句,只能表達對現在的看法,所以,從句中只有一般過去時。
2. 與過去相反:過去完成時;
How nice it is if I had past the test!
How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!
3. 與將來相反?將來的事情沒有發生,所以只能推測且實現可能很小
I wish he could not smoke any more.
不過,由于可以用be to表示將來;所以,虛擬語氣中經常出現were to;也是CET-4的常考語法點。
虛擬條件句
o if 部分,做一個與事實相反的假設(所以只有一般過去和過去完成);
o 主句部分,這是表示基于這個假設的推測,一般使用情態動詞would,少數情況下使用could/might/should。
o 注意:兩個部分之間,是有邏輯關系,而在兩部分的謂語動詞時態上,沒有必然的聯系。
注意,虛擬條件句中的if可以省略,造成were/had提前,產生倒裝。
隱含的非真實條件 :由特殊的詞給出條件: with, without, in , but for, otherwise, or
How could I be happy without you? In his shoes, I would kill myself.
But for the storm, we would have arrived.
