如何找主要事實(shí)的特定細(xì)節(jié)
在文章中，作者總是要通過許多具體內(nèi)容來說明、解釋、證明或分析文章的主題思想。在通讀全文、掌握了文章主題思想的基礎(chǔ)上，讀者還應(yīng)該抓住闡述和發(fā)展主題思想的主要事實(shí)，或者按要求找出特定細(xì)節(jié)，這是通過閱讀獲取信息的重要能力。
在通讀全文的過程中，我們要特別注意涉及who, what, when, where和why均可找到回答。但是，需要注意的是，這些問題的表述常常不是采用文章中的原話，而是使用同義的詞語來進(jìn)行提問。因此，在回答此類問題時(shí)，首先要認(rèn)真審題看清問題提問的是什么。然后，根據(jù)所涉及到的問題，快速掃視到文章中相應(yīng)的部分，找到與答題內(nèi)容相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞或短語，再細(xì)讀一、兩遍。在確信理解了原文的基礎(chǔ)上來確定正確答案。在查到的關(guān)鍵詞句下面應(yīng)劃線，以引起注意，便于記憶與復(fù)查。此外，如果回答此類問題需要讀者具有一定的背景知識，那也只是最基本的常識。因此，切勿脫離文中內(nèi)容而根據(jù)自己的想像或其它來源的知識來選擇答案。
在回答此類問題時(shí)，應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)問題：
一、當(dāng)問及時(shí)間、距離以及其它用數(shù)字表示的細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行計(jì)算方能得出答案。此時(shí)要把計(jì)算過程簡單列出，不可隨意心算一下即確定答案。
例一：Directions: Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each question.
The Flag of the U.S. The Stars and Stripes
The history of the flag of the U. S. has become so cluttered by myth that hardly any facts can be established. One thing all agree on is that the Stars and Stripes originated as the result of a resolution adopted by Congress June 14, 1777. It read:
Resolved: that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes,
alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.
The flag of 1777 was used until 1795. Then, on the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the Union, Congress passed an act that after May 1, 1795, the flag should have 15 stripes and 15 stars.
When new states were admitted it became evident that the flag would become burdened with stripes. Congress thereupon ordered that after July 4, 1818, the flag should have 13 stripes, symbolizing the 13 original states; that the union have 20 stars, and that whenever a new state was admitted a new star should be added on the July 4 following the admission.
The 50 star flag of the United States was raised for the first time officially on July 4, 1960, at Fort McHenry in Baltimore. The 50th star had been added for Hawaii, a year earlier the 49th, for Alaska. Before that, no star had been added since 1912, when New Mexico and Arizona were admitted to the Union.
1) Since 1777, the U.S. flag has changed its design ___________ .
twice 3 times
5 times more than 5 times
2) In 1912, before July 4, the U. S. flag had ___________ .
15 stars 20 stars
46 stars 48 stars
3) The 49th and 50th states to join the U.S.A. were, in their correct order, ___________ .
Alaska and Hawaii Hawaii and Alaska
New Mexico and Arizona Arizona and New Mexico
4) Congress decided in 1818 that the U.S. flag should have 13 stripes because ___________ .
since 1777 it had always had 13 stripes
since 1777 it had always had more than 13 stripes.
In 1818 there were only 13 states in the Union of the U.S.A.
At the founding of the Union of the U.S.A. there had been only 13 states.
問題要求回答美國國旗圖案自1777年以來變化了幾次。回答這樣的題目須把文中所有提及1777年以來美國國旗變更次數(shù)的關(guān)鍵詞語劃出：
1795;July 4, 1818; since 1912; a year earlier the 49th; July 4, 1960
文中似乎只提及5處，但是文內(nèi)又提到1818年時(shí)為20顆星，以后每加入一個(gè)州增加一顆星，從文中又可看出1912年增加的是第47和48顆星。從第20顆星到47顆星之間必然還有若干次變動，因此答案應(yīng)為，即：變動次數(shù)為5次以上。
問題提問的是1912年7月4日以前的情況。由于新墨西哥和亞里桑那于1912年7月4日加入聯(lián)邦，國旗上星的數(shù)目增至48顆。因此，1912年7月4日以前國旗上的星數(shù)應(yīng)為46顆。正確答案為。
問題的答案為。其根據(jù)為The 50th star had been added for Hawaii, a year earlier the 49th, for Alaska.
問題的答案為，其根據(jù)是symbolizing the 13 original states
二、 當(dāng)問題要求對某一事實(shí)作出正誤判斷或詢問文中是否提到某一事實(shí)時(shí)，我們應(yīng)先把所給的選擇項(xiàng)大體上看一下，做到心中有數(shù)。然后，根據(jù)選擇項(xiàng)中提供的線索，迅速找到文章中相應(yīng)的部分，細(xì)讀一下有關(guān)內(nèi)容。與文中內(nèi)容一致的即可肯定，不一致的即可否定。注意，在回答Not True之類問題時(shí)，必須逐項(xiàng)找出須肯定的內(nèi)容，方可確定要否定的內(nèi)容。切勿一遇到自己認(rèn)為不正確的內(nèi)容，便匆忙答題，不再去考慮其它選擇項(xiàng)，這樣常常會導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤。
例二：
Directions: Read the following passage and choose the best answer to the question.
One word that sums up our age better than any other whether our age is the technological age of western countries or the modernizing age of China is the word CHANGE. But has change not always been present? True, but never before at such a breakneck speed. Today it is more than just change. It is unprecedented change. In such a world, reading provides the best tool we have for keeping up and for avoiding future shock in a world continually being remade.
Which of the following is NOT true?
Western countries and China are being remade.
Reading will help understand our age.
The present age and future world are continually changing.
Reading is the best tool provided by our age.
項(xiàng)均與文章中的意義一致，不符。因?yàn)槲闹姓f的是Reading serves as
the best tool for us.而不是如選擇項(xiàng)所表示的那樣：Reading is the best tool provided by our age.。所以，我們將答案確定為。
三、在文章中，為避免重復(fù)提及某一詞或短語，作者常常使用指代詞來代替。在尋找細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，讀者須準(zhǔn)確理解被指代的對象。通常，我們可根據(jù)上下文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂一致關(guān)系以及語義關(guān)系等來確定所指代的內(nèi)容。
例三：
The basketball team never lacked vociferous supporters, but they rarely responded to this show of enthusiasm.
文中黑體詞they若是指高聲呼叫的支持音，則與后面的意思不合。因此they只能指球隊(duì)隊(duì)員。
例四：
Scott Fitzgerald, who first introduced him to a publisher, was one of the few contemporary writers that Hemingway did not turn against.
文中黑體him若指的是主語Scott Fitzgerald，則應(yīng)該用反身代詞himself，而不能用him，因此這里只能指后文的〖WT〗Hemingway.
在閱讀理解測試中，要求查找主要事實(shí)或特定細(xì)節(jié)的問題常有以下幾種形式：
1. Which of the following statements is true ?
2. Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?
3. All of the following are true except...
4. The author states that...
5. According to the passage, when ?
在文章中，作者總是要通過許多具體內(nèi)容來說明、解釋、證明或分析文章的主題思想。在通讀全文、掌握了文章主題思想的基礎(chǔ)上，讀者還應(yīng)該抓住闡述和發(fā)展主題思想的主要事實(shí)，或者按要求找出特定細(xì)節(jié)，這是通過閱讀獲取信息的重要能力。
在通讀全文的過程中，我們要特別注意涉及who, what, when, where和why均可找到回答。但是，需要注意的是，這些問題的表述常常不是采用文章中的原話，而是使用同義的詞語來進(jìn)行提問。因此，在回答此類問題時(shí)，首先要認(rèn)真審題看清問題提問的是什么。然后，根據(jù)所涉及到的問題，快速掃視到文章中相應(yīng)的部分，找到與答題內(nèi)容相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞或短語，再細(xì)讀一、兩遍。在確信理解了原文的基礎(chǔ)上來確定正確答案。在查到的關(guān)鍵詞句下面應(yīng)劃線，以引起注意，便于記憶與復(fù)查。此外，如果回答此類問題需要讀者具有一定的背景知識，那也只是最基本的常識。因此，切勿脫離文中內(nèi)容而根據(jù)自己的想像或其它來源的知識來選擇答案。
在回答此類問題時(shí)，應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)問題：
一、當(dāng)問及時(shí)間、距離以及其它用數(shù)字表示的細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行計(jì)算方能得出答案。此時(shí)要把計(jì)算過程簡單列出，不可隨意心算一下即確定答案。
例一：Directions: Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each question.
The Flag of the U.S. The Stars and Stripes
The history of the flag of the U. S. has become so cluttered by myth that hardly any facts can be established. One thing all agree on is that the Stars and Stripes originated as the result of a resolution adopted by Congress June 14, 1777. It read:
Resolved: that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes,
alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.
The flag of 1777 was used until 1795. Then, on the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the Union, Congress passed an act that after May 1, 1795, the flag should have 15 stripes and 15 stars.
When new states were admitted it became evident that the flag would become burdened with stripes. Congress thereupon ordered that after July 4, 1818, the flag should have 13 stripes, symbolizing the 13 original states; that the union have 20 stars, and that whenever a new state was admitted a new star should be added on the July 4 following the admission.
The 50 star flag of the United States was raised for the first time officially on July 4, 1960, at Fort McHenry in Baltimore. The 50th star had been added for Hawaii, a year earlier the 49th, for Alaska. Before that, no star had been added since 1912, when New Mexico and Arizona were admitted to the Union.
1) Since 1777, the U.S. flag has changed its design ___________ .
twice 3 times
5 times more than 5 times
2) In 1912, before July 4, the U. S. flag had ___________ .
15 stars 20 stars
46 stars 48 stars
3) The 49th and 50th states to join the U.S.A. were, in their correct order, ___________ .
Alaska and Hawaii Hawaii and Alaska
New Mexico and Arizona Arizona and New Mexico
4) Congress decided in 1818 that the U.S. flag should have 13 stripes because ___________ .
since 1777 it had always had 13 stripes
since 1777 it had always had more than 13 stripes.
In 1818 there were only 13 states in the Union of the U.S.A.
At the founding of the Union of the U.S.A. there had been only 13 states.
問題要求回答美國國旗圖案自1777年以來變化了幾次。回答這樣的題目須把文中所有提及1777年以來美國國旗變更次數(shù)的關(guān)鍵詞語劃出：
1795;July 4, 1818; since 1912; a year earlier the 49th; July 4, 1960
文中似乎只提及5處，但是文內(nèi)又提到1818年時(shí)為20顆星，以后每加入一個(gè)州增加一顆星，從文中又可看出1912年增加的是第47和48顆星。從第20顆星到47顆星之間必然還有若干次變動，因此答案應(yīng)為，即：變動次數(shù)為5次以上。
問題提問的是1912年7月4日以前的情況。由于新墨西哥和亞里桑那于1912年7月4日加入聯(lián)邦，國旗上星的數(shù)目增至48顆。因此，1912年7月4日以前國旗上的星數(shù)應(yīng)為46顆。正確答案為。
問題的答案為。其根據(jù)為The 50th star had been added for Hawaii, a year earlier the 49th, for Alaska.
問題的答案為，其根據(jù)是symbolizing the 13 original states
二、 當(dāng)問題要求對某一事實(shí)作出正誤判斷或詢問文中是否提到某一事實(shí)時(shí)，我們應(yīng)先把所給的選擇項(xiàng)大體上看一下，做到心中有數(shù)。然后，根據(jù)選擇項(xiàng)中提供的線索，迅速找到文章中相應(yīng)的部分，細(xì)讀一下有關(guān)內(nèi)容。與文中內(nèi)容一致的即可肯定，不一致的即可否定。注意，在回答Not True之類問題時(shí)，必須逐項(xiàng)找出須肯定的內(nèi)容，方可確定要否定的內(nèi)容。切勿一遇到自己認(rèn)為不正確的內(nèi)容，便匆忙答題，不再去考慮其它選擇項(xiàng)，這樣常常會導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤。
例二：
Directions: Read the following passage and choose the best answer to the question.
One word that sums up our age better than any other whether our age is the technological age of western countries or the modernizing age of China is the word CHANGE. But has change not always been present? True, but never before at such a breakneck speed. Today it is more than just change. It is unprecedented change. In such a world, reading provides the best tool we have for keeping up and for avoiding future shock in a world continually being remade.
Which of the following is NOT true?
Western countries and China are being remade.
Reading will help understand our age.
The present age and future world are continually changing.
Reading is the best tool provided by our age.
項(xiàng)均與文章中的意義一致，不符。因?yàn)槲闹姓f的是Reading serves as
the best tool for us.而不是如選擇項(xiàng)所表示的那樣：Reading is the best tool provided by our age.。所以，我們將答案確定為。
三、在文章中，為避免重復(fù)提及某一詞或短語，作者常常使用指代詞來代替。在尋找細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，讀者須準(zhǔn)確理解被指代的對象。通常，我們可根據(jù)上下文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂一致關(guān)系以及語義關(guān)系等來確定所指代的內(nèi)容。
例三：
The basketball team never lacked vociferous supporters, but they rarely responded to this show of enthusiasm.
文中黑體詞they若是指高聲呼叫的支持音，則與后面的意思不合。因此they只能指球隊(duì)隊(duì)員。
例四：
Scott Fitzgerald, who first introduced him to a publisher, was one of the few contemporary writers that Hemingway did not turn against.
文中黑體him若指的是主語Scott Fitzgerald，則應(yīng)該用反身代詞himself，而不能用him，因此這里只能指后文的〖WT〗Hemingway.
在閱讀理解測試中，要求查找主要事實(shí)或特定細(xì)節(jié)的問題常有以下幾種形式：
1. Which of the following statements is true ?
2. Which of the following is not mentioned in the text?
3. All of the following are true except...
4. The author states that...
5. According to the passage, when ?
