四級考試閱讀備考筆記（33）

　　In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called classical conditioning . This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.

　　12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.

　　A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning

　　C) neither of them D) some other sorts of conditioning

　　注：應用題

　　13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning

　　through ____.

　　A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning

　　C) both of them D) neither of them

　　注：應用題， furry 有毛的

　　14. In the third paragraph, the author is ____.

　　A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day

　　B) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning

　　C) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on

　　D) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning

　　注：主題題，末端首句也是結論句

　　In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called classical conditioning . This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.

　　12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.

　　A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning

　　C) neither of them D) some other sorts of conditioning

　　注：應用題

　　13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning

　　through ____.

　　A) classical conditioning B) operant conditioning

　　C) both of them D) neither of them

　　注：應用題， furry 有毛的

　　14. In the third paragraph, the author is ____.

　　A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day

　　B) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning

　　C) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on

　　D) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning

　　注：主題題，末端首句也是結論句