閱讀材料：

　　Car manufacturers and governments have been eagerly seeking a replacement for the automobiles main source of power, the internal-combustion engine. By far, the most promising alternative source of energy for cars is the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine, which uses hydrogen to create electricity that, in turn, powers the car. Fuel-cell engines have several advantages over internal-combustion engines and will probably soon replace them.

　　汽車制造商和政府都在積極地尋找內(nèi)燃機的代替品，而目前內(nèi)燃機是汽車主要的動力源。目前為止，氫燃料電池發(fā)動機是最有競爭力的汽車動力代替品。氫燃料電池發(fā)動機是用氫作燃料產(chǎn)生電能以充當汽車的動力。鑒于燃料電池發(fā)動機相對于內(nèi)燃機發(fā)動機優(yōu)點多多，因而可以很快替代內(nèi)燃機。

　　One of the main problems with the internal-combustion engine is that it relies on petroleum, either in the form of gasoline or diesel fuel. Petroleum is a finite resource, someday; we will run out of oil. The hydrogen needed for fuel-cell engines cannot easily be depleted. Hydrogen can be derived from various plentiful sources, including natural gas and even water. The fact that fuel-cell engines utilize easily available, renewable resources makes them particularly attractive.

　　內(nèi)燃機發(fā)動機的問題之一就是對于石油的依賴，而石油具體的形式是汽油或者柴油。石油是不可再生資源，總有一天會用盡的。而燃料電池發(fā)動機所使用的氫則不是那么容易消耗完的。氫有多種來源，比如天然氣和水。燃料電池發(fā)動機很容易得到，而這種能源的可再生性使其特別具有吸引力。

　　Second, hydrogen-based fuel cells are attractive because they will solve many of the worlds pollution problems. An unavoidable by-product of burning oil is carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide harms the environment. On the other hand, the only byproduct of fuel-cell engines is water.

　　第二，氫燃料電池發(fā)動機還可以在全球范圍內(nèi)解決污染問題，這也是其具有吸引力的原因。使用石油不可避免的副產(chǎn)品就是二氧化碳，這是對環(huán)境有害的氣體。而與此同時，燃料電池發(fā)動機唯一的副產(chǎn)品就是水。

　　Third, fuel-cell engines will soon be economically competitive because people will spend less money to operate a fuel-cell engine than they will to operate an internal-combustion engine. This is true for one simple reason. A fuel-cell automobile is nearly twice as efficient in using its fuel as an automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine is. In other words, the fuel-cell powered car requires only half the fuel energy that the internal-combustion powered car does to go the same distance.

　　第三，因為燃料電池發(fā)動機的使用費用比內(nèi)燃機發(fā)動機低，燃料電池發(fā)動機很快就會在價格上很有競爭力了。這個道理是很簡單的。燃料電池汽車的能量利用率幾乎是使用內(nèi)燃機發(fā)動機的汽車的兩倍。換句話說，行駛相同的距離，使用燃料電池發(fā)動機汽車只需要消耗內(nèi)燃機汽車的一半能量。

　　閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：

　　- Main point: 氫燃料電池發(fā)動機將替代內(nèi)燃機發(fā)動機

　　- Sub point 1:氫燃料來源豐富，不會用盡

　　- Sub point 2:氫燃料電池發(fā)動機不會污染環(huán)境

　　- Sub point 3:氫燃料電池發(fā)動機能量利用率高，更為經(jīng)濟

　　聽力材料：

　　The reading is correct in pointing out the problems associated with oil-powered cars. Yes, oil is a finite resource, and yes, burning oil harms the environment. However, the reading is way too optimistic in its assessment of hydrogen-based fuel-cell engines. Hydrogen is not the solution to these problems.

　　閱讀部分對于石油動力車的問題描述是站得住腳的。是的，石油是不可再生資源；是的，使用石油會造成環(huán)境污染。然而，閱讀部分對于氫燃料電池內(nèi)燃機的評論卻過于樂觀。氫燃料并不能解決這些問題。

　　First, hydrogen is not as easily available as the passage indicates. Although its present in common substances like water, its not directly useable in that form. For using a fuel-cell engine, hydrogen must first be obtained in a pure liquid state. This pure liquid hydrogen is a highly artificial substance. Its technologically very difficult to produce and store liquid hydrogen. For example, it must be kept very very cold at minus 253 degrees Celsius. Imagine the elaborate cooling technology thats required for that! So, hydrogen is not such a practical and easily available substance, is it?

　　首先，氫并不是像閱讀部分說的那么容易得到。盡管氫就像水一樣普遍存在，但是并不是以一種可以直接使用的形態(tài)存在的。如果想在燃料電池中使用氫，那么必須是液態(tài)純氫。而這種液態(tài)純氫是一種極難獲取的物質(zhì)。在技術(shù)上很難制造，同時很難儲存。比如，液態(tài)純氫必須保存在攝氏零下253度的超低溫下。可以想象一下液態(tài)純氫所要求的技術(shù)條件有多苛刻。由此可見，氫并不是一種很容易得到和使用的物質(zhì)，是不是？

　　Second, using hydrogen would not solve the pollution problems associated with cars. Why? Producing pure hydrogen creates a lot of pollution. To get pure hydrogen from water or natural gas, you have to use a purification process that requires lots of energy thats obtained by burning coal or oil. And burning coal and oil creates lots of pollution. So although the cars would not pollute, the factories that generated the hydrogen for the cars would pollute.

　　第二，使用氫燃料并不能解決汽車造成的環(huán)境污染。為什么？這是因為生產(chǎn)氫燃料的過程是會造成很多環(huán)境污染的。如果要從水或者天然氣中獲取純氫，那么你就必須警醒能量消耗巨大的提純。這種提純過程所使用的能量則是來自于燃燒煤或者石油。眾所周知，燃燒煤和石油是會造成很多污染的。所以，雖然汽車不會造成環(huán)境污染，但是那些為汽車生產(chǎn)氫燃料的工廠卻會造成環(huán)境污染。

　　Third, there wont necessarily be any cost savings when you consider how expensive it is to manufacture the fuel-cell engine. Thats because fuel-cell engines require components made of platinum, a very rare and expensive metal. Without the platinum components in the engine, the hydrogen doesnt undergo the chemical reaction that produces the electricity to power the automobile. All the efforts to replace platinum with a cheaper material have so far been unsuccessful.

　　第三，當你知道制造燃料電池發(fā)動機有多貴的時候，你就不會認為使用它省錢了。價格昂貴是因為燃料電池發(fā)動機的原件是鉑金的，而鉑金是一種非常稀有而昂貴的金屬。如果發(fā)動機不用鉑金制造的話，氫就不能進行可以生產(chǎn)電能的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，也就不能為汽車提供能量了。所有關(guān)于尋找成本低廉的鉑金替代品的研究都還沒有取得成功。

　　聽力筆記內(nèi)容：

　　Main point: not the solution

　　Sub point one: not as easily available, pure liquid state, minus 253 degrees

　　Sub point two: not solve, creates a lot of pollution, factories, hydrogen, pollute

　　Sub point three: wont, platinum, doesnt undergo, unsuccessful

　　閱讀材料：

　　Car manufacturers and governments have been eagerly seeking a replacement for the automobiles main source of power, the internal-combustion engine. By far, the most promising alternative source of energy for cars is the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine, which uses hydrogen to create electricity that, in turn, powers the car. Fuel-cell engines have several advantages over internal-combustion engines and will probably soon replace them.

　　汽車制造商和政府都在積極地尋找內(nèi)燃機的代替品，而目前內(nèi)燃機是汽車主要的動力源。目前為止，氫燃料電池發(fā)動機是最有競爭力的汽車動力代替品。氫燃料電池發(fā)動機是用氫作燃料產(chǎn)生電能以充當汽車的動力。鑒于燃料電池發(fā)動機相對于內(nèi)燃機發(fā)動機優(yōu)點多多，因而可以很快替代內(nèi)燃機。

　　One of the main problems with the internal-combustion engine is that it relies on petroleum, either in the form of gasoline or diesel fuel. Petroleum is a finite resource, someday; we will run out of oil. The hydrogen needed for fuel-cell engines cannot easily be depleted. Hydrogen can be derived from various plentiful sources, including natural gas and even water. The fact that fuel-cell engines utilize easily available, renewable resources makes them particularly attractive.

　　內(nèi)燃機發(fā)動機的問題之一就是對于石油的依賴，而石油具體的形式是汽油或者柴油。石油是不可再生資源，總有一天會用盡的。而燃料電池發(fā)動機所使用的氫則不是那么容易消耗完的。氫有多種來源，比如天然氣和水。燃料電池發(fā)動機很容易得到，而這種能源的可再生性使其特別具有吸引力。

　　Second, hydrogen-based fuel cells are attractive because they will solve many of the worlds pollution problems. An unavoidable by-product of burning oil is carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide harms the environment. On the other hand, the only byproduct of fuel-cell engines is water.

　　第二，氫燃料電池發(fā)動機還可以在全球范圍內(nèi)解決污染問題，這也是其具有吸引力的原因。使用石油不可避免的副產(chǎn)品就是二氧化碳，這是對環(huán)境有害的氣體。而與此同時，燃料電池發(fā)動機唯一的副產(chǎn)品就是水。

　　Third, fuel-cell engines will soon be economically competitive because people will spend less money to operate a fuel-cell engine than they will to operate an internal-combustion engine. This is true for one simple reason. A fuel-cell automobile is nearly twice as efficient in using its fuel as an automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine is. In other words, the fuel-cell powered car requires only half the fuel energy that the internal-combustion powered car does to go the same distance.

　　第三，因為燃料電池發(fā)動機的使用費用比內(nèi)燃機發(fā)動機低，燃料電池發(fā)動機很快就會在價格上很有競爭力了。這個道理是很簡單的。燃料電池汽車的能量利用率幾乎是使用內(nèi)燃機發(fā)動機的汽車的兩倍。換句話說，行駛相同的距離，使用燃料電池發(fā)動機汽車只需要消耗內(nèi)燃機汽車的一半能量。

　　閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是：

　　- Main point: 氫燃料電池發(fā)動機將替代內(nèi)燃機發(fā)動機

　　- Sub point 1:氫燃料來源豐富，不會用盡

　　- Sub point 2:氫燃料電池發(fā)動機不會污染環(huán)境

　　- Sub point 3:氫燃料電池發(fā)動機能量利用率高，更為經(jīng)濟

　　聽力材料：

　　The reading is correct in pointing out the problems associated with oil-powered cars. Yes, oil is a finite resource, and yes, burning oil harms the environment. However, the reading is way too optimistic in its assessment of hydrogen-based fuel-cell engines. Hydrogen is not the solution to these problems.

　　閱讀部分對于石油動力車的問題描述是站得住腳的。是的，石油是不可再生資源；是的，使用石油會造成環(huán)境污染。然而，閱讀部分對于氫燃料電池內(nèi)燃機的評論卻過于樂觀。氫燃料并不能解決這些問題。

　　First, hydrogen is not as easily available as the passage indicates. Although its present in common substances like water, its not directly useable in that form. For using a fuel-cell engine, hydrogen must first be obtained in a pure liquid state. This pure liquid hydrogen is a highly artificial substance. Its technologically very difficult to produce and store liquid hydrogen. For example, it must be kept very very cold at minus 253 degrees Celsius. Imagine the elaborate cooling technology thats required for that! So, hydrogen is not such a practical and easily available substance, is it?

　　首先，氫并不是像閱讀部分說的那么容易得到。盡管氫就像水一樣普遍存在，但是并不是以一種可以直接使用的形態(tài)存在的。如果想在燃料電池中使用氫，那么必須是液態(tài)純氫。而這種液態(tài)純氫是一種極難獲取的物質(zhì)。在技術(shù)上很難制造，同時很難儲存。比如，液態(tài)純氫必須保存在攝氏零下253度的超低溫下?？梢韵胂笠幌乱簯B(tài)純氫所要求的技術(shù)條件有多苛刻。由此可見，氫并不是一種很容易得到和使用的物質(zhì)，是不是？

　　Second, using hydrogen would not solve the pollution problems associated with cars. Why? Producing pure hydrogen creates a lot of pollution. To get pure hydrogen from water or natural gas, you have to use a purification process that requires lots of energy thats obtained by burning coal or oil. And burning coal and oil creates lots of pollution. So although the cars would not pollute, the factories that generated the hydrogen for the cars would pollute.

　　第二，使用氫燃料并不能解決汽車造成的環(huán)境污染。為什么？這是因為生產(chǎn)氫燃料的過程是會造成很多環(huán)境污染的。如果要從水或者天然氣中獲取純氫，那么你就必須警醒能量消耗巨大的提純。這種提純過程所使用的能量則是來自于燃燒煤或者石油。眾所周知，燃燒煤和石油是會造成很多污染的。所以，雖然汽車不會造成環(huán)境污染，但是那些為汽車生產(chǎn)氫燃料的工廠卻會造成環(huán)境污染。

　　Third, there wont necessarily be any cost savings when you consider how expensive it is to manufacture the fuel-cell engine. Thats because fuel-cell engines require components made of platinum, a very rare and expensive metal. Without the platinum components in the engine, the hydrogen doesnt undergo the chemical reaction that produces the electricity to power the automobile. All the efforts to replace platinum with a cheaper material have so far been unsuccessful.

　　第三，當你知道制造燃料電池發(fā)動機有多貴的時候，你就不會認為使用它省錢了。價格昂貴是因為燃料電池發(fā)動機的原件是鉑金的，而鉑金是一種非常稀有而昂貴的金屬。如果發(fā)動機不用鉑金制造的話，氫就不能進行可以生產(chǎn)電能的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，也就不能為汽車提供能量了。所有關(guān)于尋找成本低廉的鉑金替代品的研究都還沒有取得成功。

　　聽力筆記內(nèi)容：

　　Main point: not the solution

　　Sub point one: not as easily available, pure liquid state, minus 253 degrees

　　Sub point two: not solve, creates a lot of pollution, factories, hydrogen, pollute

　　Sub point three: wont, platinum, doesnt undergo, unsuccessful