2024屆福建省高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)語法課件：1 名詞和冠詞（新人教版）

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　　核心考點(diǎn) 語法專題一　名詞和冠詞 -*- 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)一名詞的數(shù)　? 1.不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞沒有單復(fù)數(shù)之分,它包括抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和專有名詞。下列名詞通常用作不可數(shù)名詞:fun,advice,weather,progress,information,bread,butter,baggage,clothing,equipment,furniture,homework,juice,luggage,luck,music,milk,meat,production,permission,thought,rubber,rice,soup,wealth,health,glass,wood,English,America等。 (2024·安徽)There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some thought and then let me know. 不必現(xiàn)在給我答案,思考一下然后再告訴我。 -*- 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五 2.有些名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)。如:glasses眼鏡,clothes衣服,goods貨物,trousers褲子,belongings所有物,wages工資,riches財(cái)富,surroundings環(huán)境,ashes灰塵,compasses圓規(guī),cattle牛,congratulations祝賀。有些固定搭配中的名詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。如:have words with sb.同某人吵架,in low spirits 情緒低落,give one’s regards to sb.向某人問候,in rags衣衫襤褸,have good manners 有禮貌。 (2024·陜西)—I got that job I wanted at the public library. —Congratulations!That’s good news. ——我找到那份我想要的在公共圖書館的工作了。 ——祝賀了。那是好消息啊。 -*- 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五 (2024·湖北)Why is Lucy in low spirits? 露西為什么情緒低落? 3.有些名詞既可以用作可數(shù)名詞,也可以用作不可數(shù)名詞,但意義不同。work當(dāng)表示“工作”時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞,但當(dāng)表示“作品;著作”時(shí)則為可數(shù)名詞。room“空間”(不可數(shù)),“房間”(可數(shù));experience “經(jīng)驗(yàn)”(不可數(shù)),“經(jīng)歷”(可數(shù));paper“紙”(不可數(shù)),“報(bào)紙、文件、試卷”(可數(shù))。 -*- 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)二?抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞的具體化、量化　 1.抽象名詞通常表示某種特性、狀態(tài)、特點(diǎn)、情感、情緒、思維等時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞。若與定冠詞連用表特指內(nèi)容,如the science of sound 聲學(xué)。若泛指一般概念、意義,則不與任何冠詞連用。 2.有些物質(zhì)名詞可以具體為有形或有數(shù)量的相應(yīng)物體,作單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)都可以。some coffee一些咖啡/a coffee 一杯咖啡,drink 飲料/two drinks 兩杯飲料,ice 冰/two ices 兩份冰激凌等。 You should never put drinks near a phone. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)永遠(yuǎn)都不要把飲料放到手機(jī)附近。 -*- 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)三?不定冠詞a/an的用法　 1.用在首次提到的人或物的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前面,泛指某(一)個(gè)人或某(一)件事物。 (2024·重慶)I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask. 我剛剛聽說一個(gè)戴面具的持槍歹徒搶劫了多拉工作的那家銀行。

　　(2024·福建)The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve people’s well-being and a dream of harmony,peace and development. “中國夢”是一個(gè)改善民生的夢,一個(gè)和諧、和平和發(fā)展之夢。 -*- 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五 2.用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前相當(dāng)于every,表示“每一”。 It’s said John will be in a job paying over $60,000 a year. 據(jù)說約翰將會(huì)有一份年薪超過60,000美元的工作。 3.在抽象名詞前可使抽象名詞具體化,表示“一場、一次、一件”。如:a success一件成功的事或一個(gè)成功的人,a surprise一件令人驚訝的事,a pity一件遺憾的事,an honour一個(gè)/件引以為榮的人/事,a comfort 一件令人欣慰的事。 (2024·山東)Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times. 在那些艱難的時(shí)期,能夠買得起一杯飲料會(huì)是一件欣慰的事。 -*- 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五 4.不定冠詞用在序數(shù)詞前不表示排序,而表示“再一,又一”。 (2024·全國Ⅱ)He missed the gold in the high jump,but will get a second chance in the long jump. 他沒有拿到跳高金牌,但在跳遠(yuǎn)項(xiàng)目上還有一次機(jī)會(huì)。 5.用在人名或者時(shí)間名詞前表示不確定的某個(gè)人或者某個(gè)時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于a certain。如:a Smith一個(gè)叫史密斯的人。 (2024·重慶)I can’t tell you the way to the Wilsons’because we don’t have a Wilson here in the village. 我無法告訴你去威爾遜家的路,因?yàn)檫@個(gè)村子里沒有一個(gè)叫威爾遜的人。 -*- 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五 (2024·四川)Brian is gifted in writing music;he is very likely to be a Beethoven.

　　布賴恩在音樂創(chuàng)作上很有天賦,他很有可能會(huì)成為一位像貝多芬那樣的音樂大師。 6.不定冠詞常用的固定搭配: all of a sudden突然;as a matter of fact事實(shí)上;once a week每周一次;at a loss不知所措,茫然;be on a visit參觀,拜訪;be/go on a diet節(jié)食;give sb.a lift讓某人搭便車;have a gift for...在……方面有天賦;have a good time玩得開心;have a word with...與……談話;in a hurry匆忙地;in a way從某種意義上說;make a living謀生;take a walk散步;take an interest in...對(duì)……感興趣;take/have a rest休息一會(huì)兒 -*- 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)四?定冠詞the的用法　 1.特指上文提到過的、特定的人或事物,或雙方都明確的人或事物。 I have a car.The car is red. 我有輛車。這輛車是紅色的。 Pass me the book,please. 請把那本書遞給我。 2.用在名詞前表特指或者表類別。 (2024·陜西)The village where I was born has grown into a town. 我出生的那個(gè)村莊已發(fā)展成了一座城鎮(zhèn)。 3.用在世上獨(dú)一無二的事物之前。如:the moon,the Pacific Ocean。 (2024·山東)It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across the night sky. 這是寒冷的冬日的一個(gè)夜晚,皎潔的月光照亮了夜空。 -*- 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五 4.用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人。如:the rich,the living,the wounded。 (2024·天津)Life is like an ocean:Only the strong-willed can reach the other shore. 人生就如同海洋,只有那些意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人才能到達(dá)彼岸。 5.用于表示度量單位的名詞前。如: I hired the car by the hour. 我按小時(shí)租了這輛車。 6.用于序數(shù)詞、形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)前。如: (2024·陜西)Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century. 據(jù)說馬可·波羅在13世紀(jì)就經(jīng)太平洋航行去過爪哇島了。 -*- 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五 7.定冠詞常用的固定搭配: at the moment此刻,目前 at the same time同時(shí) by the way順便說一下 on the spot當(dāng)場 make the best/most of...充分利用…… in the distance在遠(yuǎn)處 in the end最終 the other day前幾天 on the one hand...,on the other (hand)...一方面……,另一方面…… to the point中肯,切題 -*- 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五考點(diǎn)五?零冠詞的用法　 1.不可數(shù)名詞或者可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前,一般不加冠詞。 (2024·課標(biāo)全國Ⅰ)India attained independence in 1947,after a long struggle. 經(jīng)過很長時(shí)間的斗爭,印度在1947年獲得了獨(dú)立。 (2024·江西)The Smiths don’t usually like staying at hotels,but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea. 史密斯一家通常不喜歡住旅館,但去年夏天他們在海邊一家很好的旅館住了幾天。 -*- 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五 2.稱呼語及表示頭銜、職務(wù)的名詞做表語、補(bǔ)足語及同位語時(shí),其前一般不加冠詞。 (2024·重慶)Sam has been appointed manager of the engineering department to take the place of George. 薩姆已經(jīng)被委任為工程部的經(jīng)理來代替喬治。 3.表示季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)假日、一日三餐等的名詞前一般不加冠詞。 Spring is the best season of the year. 春天是一年最好的季節(jié)。 -*- 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五 4.零冠詞常用的固定搭配: in fact事實(shí)上for example例如 in danger在危險(xiǎn)中 with pleasure高興地 in time及時(shí) in fear恐懼地 at work在上班 at dinner在吃飯 after school放學(xué)后 at first起初 at last最終 by hand手工做的 pay attention to注意 set fire to放火 -*- 考點(diǎn)一考點(diǎn)二考點(diǎn)三考點(diǎn)四考點(diǎn)五 take pride in以……為豪 take care of照顧 take office就職 take part in參加 in town在城里 keep...in mind牢記 in trouble處于麻煩中 on foot步行 catch sight of看見 on time按時(shí) lose weight減肥 do harm to對(duì)……有害 -*- Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ.根據(jù)提示或語境完成句子 1.(2024·課標(biāo)全國Ⅰ改編)I’d skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings(painting). 2.(2024·課標(biāo)全國Ⅱ改編)The adobe dwellings(土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 　the　 most modern of architects and engineers.In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.? 解析解析關(guān)閉 1.paintings　根據(jù)前面的修飾語“so many”可知,此處應(yīng)用名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,表示“畫,繪畫作品”。 2.the;ability　由第一個(gè)空后的most modern可推知第一個(gè)空應(yīng)用the,構(gòu)成modern的最高級(jí)。由第二個(gè)空前的their可知,此處應(yīng)用able的名詞形式。 -*- Ⅰ Ⅱ 3.(2024·江蘇改編)—Go and say sorry to your Mom,Dave. —I’d like to,but I’m afraid she won’t be happy with my apology/apologies(apologise). 4.(2024·湖北改編)He gave himself a new name to hide his identity(identify)when he went to carry out the secret task. 5.(2024·陜西改編)The more learned a man is,the more modest he usually becomes. 6.(2024·浙江改編)Jane’s grandmother had wanted to write a children’s book for many years,but one thing or another always got in the way. 解析解析關(guān)閉 3.apology/apologies　形容詞性物主代詞my之后應(yīng)該接名詞。句意:——戴夫,去向你媽媽說對(duì)不起。——我愿意去,但是我擔(dān)心她不滿意我的道歉。 4.identity　句意:他去執(zhí)行秘密任務(wù)時(shí),給自己起了一個(gè)新名字來掩蓋身份。identify對(duì)應(yīng)的表示“身份”的名詞形式為identity。 5.The;the　the more...,the more...為固定句型,意為“越……就越……”。句意:一個(gè)人知識(shí)越淵博,他通常會(huì)變得越謙虛。 6.a;the　句意:簡的奶奶很多年來一直想寫一本兒童書籍,但是這樣或那樣的事情總是妨礙著她。第一個(gè)空泛指一本兒童書籍,所以用不定冠詞修飾;第二個(gè)空是固定短語,get in the way意為“妨礙”。 -*- Ⅰ Ⅱ 7.(2024·課標(biāo)全國Ⅰ改編)While there are amazing stories of instant transformation,for most of us the changes(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river. 8.(2024·遼寧改編)If you don’t mind,I’ll stop and take a deep breath(breathe). 9.(2024·江西改編)They chose Tom to be the captain of the team because they knew he was a smart leader. 10.(2024·浙江改編)The paper is due next month,and I am working seven days a week,often long into the night. 11.(2024·江西改編)Whenever I made mistakes,the teacher pointed them out with patience(patient). ? 解析解析關(guān)閉 7.changes　句意:雖然也有一些瞬間就能發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)型的令人驚訝的故事,但是對(duì)于我們大多數(shù)人來說,這些變化都是逐漸的,需要付出大量的努力和勞動(dòng),就像凈化一條污染了的河流一樣。 8.breath　句意:如果你不介意的話,我要停下來做個(gè)深呼吸。take a deep breath“做個(gè)深呼吸”。 9.the;a　句意:他們選湯姆當(dāng)這個(gè)隊(duì)的隊(duì)長,因?yàn)樗麄冎浪且粋€(gè)聰明的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。第一個(gè)空特指是這個(gè)隊(duì)的隊(duì)長故填the,第二個(gè)空泛指一個(gè)聰明的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),故填a。 10.a;the　第一個(gè)空填a,表示“每,一”;第二個(gè)空long into the night是固定搭配,意為“直到深夜”。句意:我的論文下月到期,我現(xiàn)在每周工作七天,常常工作至深夜。 11.patience　句意:無論何時(shí)我犯了錯(cuò),老師總是耐心地給我指出來。從前面的介詞with可知,這里填名詞形式。 -*- Ⅰ Ⅱ 12.(2024·課標(biāo)全國Ⅱ改編)Four and a half hours of discussion took us up to midnight,and a break for cheese,chocolate and tea with sugar. 13.(2024·浙江改編)People develop a preference for a particular style of learning at an early age and these preferences affect learning. 14.(2024·江西改編)Animals are obviously a lower form of life than man. 15.Sarah looked at the finished painting with satisfaction. 解析解析關(guān)閉 12.a;a　four and a half hours“四個(gè)半小時(shí)”,故第一個(gè)空填a;break當(dāng)“暫停,休息”講時(shí),是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,故第二個(gè)空也填a。 13.a;an　第一個(gè)空表示泛指,a preference for“對(duì)……的一種偏愛”,故第一個(gè)空填a;第二個(gè)空為固定搭配,at an early age“在早年,在很小的時(shí)候”,early是元音音素開頭的單詞,故填an。 14.a　這里泛指“一種生命形式”,form是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,故用不定冠詞a。句意:動(dòng)物顯然是比人類低等的一種生命形式。 15.the　句意:薩拉滿意地看著那幅完成的畫作。painting是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,這里特指“完成的那幅畫”,故用定冠詞the。 -*- Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ.根據(jù)內(nèi)容和所給提示完成下面短文 Villages in developing countries often lack many things:books,clean water,electricity.These shortages are easy to see.But 1.　a　 different kind of shortage is not easy to see.That is 2.　the　 shortage of experts.Many villages have no doctors,engineers or scientists.They have no one who knows how to treat unusual medical 3.　problems　(problem) or design a new expert system.There is a way to ease 4.　the　 problems.They can do it with 5.　computers/a computer　.In 6.　the　 past few years,computer scientists around the world have developed what they call “expert systems”. 解析解析關(guān)閉 1.a　此處表示泛指,指一種不同種類的缺乏。 2.the　此處特指“專家的缺乏”,故用定冠詞the。 3.problems　problem是可數(shù)名詞,這里指醫(yī)療方面的問題,故用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 4.the　此處特指上文提到的這些問題,故用定冠詞the。 5.computers/a computer　從后文的computer scientists以及后文的關(guān)于計(jì)算機(jī)的陳述可知,這里是用計(jì)算機(jī)解決這個(gè)問題。 6.the　in the past few years“在過去的幾年里”為固定結(jié)構(gòu),故用the。 -*- Ⅰ Ⅱ An expert system is a special kind of computer program.In some situations,it can take 7.　the　 place of 8.　a　 human expert.For example,an expert in medical system can help to take care of a sick person.After asking a few 9.　questions　 of the patient,it can tell what medicine or other 10.　treatment　(treat) is needed. 解析解析關(guān)閉 7.the　take the place of“代替;取代”為固定搭配。 8.a　根據(jù)句意“它能取代一個(gè)人類專家”,表示泛指,又因空格后的單詞以輔音音素開頭,故用不定冠詞a。 9.questions　此處表示向病人提問幾個(gè)問題。 10.treatment　由other可知,這里用動(dòng)詞treat的名詞形式。核心考點(diǎn)