主旨大意題

　　(一)確定主題句，鎖定主旨

　　(2024·北京·D)

　　Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life，mostly for the better.However，social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.

　　An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college.Surveys(調(diào)查) on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories.The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago.This is usually interpreted as a sign that today's parents are trying to manage their children's lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.

　　However，greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children.

　　In the context(背景)of this discussion，it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents' involvement with their grown children.If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their college-age children frequently，would this have been possible？Probably not.On the other hand，does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn't present a generation ago？Many studies show that older parents—today's grandparents—would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.

　　Furthermore，studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children.The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new；nor are requests for more money to be sent from home.This phenomenon is neither good nor bad；it is a fact of college life，today and in the past.

　　Thanks to the advanced technology，we live in an age of bettered communication.This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college.But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.

　　文章大意：科學(xué)的發(fā)展總是帶來(lái)好的變化嗎？其實(shí)不然。本文作者說(shuō)明了與過(guò)去相比，現(xiàn)在的父母對(duì)孩子更加保護(hù)，這不只是因?yàn)楦改傅膽B(tài)度變化了，技術(shù)的發(fā)展也起到了推波助瀾的作用。

　　1．The surveys inform us of________.

　　A．the development of technology

　　B．the changes of adult children's behavior

　　C．the parents' over-protection of their college children

　　D．the means and expenses of students' communication

　　答案：C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句Surveys on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories.可知，現(xiàn)在的父母對(duì)于已經(jīng)上了大學(xué)的孩子過(guò)度保護(hù)，這也是文章主要討論的問(wèn)題。故選C項(xiàng)。

　　2．The writer believes that________.

　　A．parents today are more protective than those in the past

　　B．the disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantages

　　C．technology explains greater parental involvement with their children

　　D．parents' changed attitudes lead to college children's delayed independence

　　答案：C　推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第四段內(nèi)容可知，父母對(duì)孩子的過(guò)分保護(hù)與新技術(shù)的發(fā)展是有關(guān)的。故選C項(xiàng)。

　　3．What is the best title for the passage?

　　A．Technology or Attitude

　　B．Dependence or Independence

　　C．Family Influences or Social Changes

　　D．College Management or Communication Advancement

　　答案：A　主旨大意題。第一段是文章的中心段，點(diǎn)出文章的主題：導(dǎo)致人們行為變化的是科學(xué)的發(fā)展還是人們態(tài)度的改變。從第二段起，作者就從父母與孩子關(guān)系的今昔不同加以說(shuō)明，結(jié)論是科技讓一些父母對(duì)孩子過(guò)度呵護(hù)成為可能。故選A項(xiàng)。

　　(二)據(jù)篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，歸納主旨

　　(2024·安徽·E)

　　Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways.Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust.Food can also have a specific meaning，and play a significant role in a family or culture's celebrations or traditions.The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (農(nóng)村的) and urban areas within one country.

　　Sharing bread，whether during a special occasion (時(shí)刻) or at the family dinner table，is a common symbol of togetherness.Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests.Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread，so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.

　　Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations.In the southern United States，pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (興旺) in the New Year.In Greece，people share a special cake called vasilopita.A coin is put into the cake，which signifies (預(yù)示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.

　　Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child，and food can play a significant role.In China，when a baby is one month old，families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-colored eggs to guests.In many cultures，round foods such as grapes，bread，and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.

　　Nutrition is necessary for life，so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.

　　文章大意：文章講述了食物在不同文化中的作用。食物的意義主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面——增進(jìn)團(tuán)結(jié)和信任以及在傳統(tǒng)佳節(jié)和重要儀式中扮演著重要角色。

　　4．According to the passage，sharing bread________.

　　A．indicates a lack of food

　　B．can help to develop unity

　　C．is a custom unique to rural areas

　　D．has its roots in birthday celebrations

　　答案：B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干中的sharing bread是關(guān)鍵信息詞。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust.可知，分享面包或其他食物是一個(gè)平常的傳統(tǒng)，它能增進(jìn)團(tuán)結(jié)和信任。故選B項(xiàng)。

　　5．What does the coin in vasilopita signify for its receiver in the New Year?

　　A．Trust. B．Success.

　　C．Health. D．Togetherness.

　　答案：B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由題干中的關(guān)鍵信息詞vasilopita定位到文章第三段的最后兩句．..people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake，which signifies success...可知，人們?cè)谛履晔盏接杏矌诺牡案忸A(yù)示著成功。故選B項(xiàng)。

　　6．The author explains the role of food in celebrations by ______.

　　A．using examples B．making comparisons

　　C．a(chǎn)nalyzing causes D．describing processes

　　答案：A　推理判斷題。作者在文章的第三、四段中介紹食物的作用時(shí)，提到了美國(guó)南部、希臘、中國(guó)等不同地方的飲食文化，由此可知作者使用的是舉例說(shuō)明的寫作手法。故選A項(xiàng)。

　　7．What is the passage mainly about?

　　A．The custom of sharing food.

　　B．The specific meaning of food.

　　C．The role of food in ceremonies.

　　D．The importance of food in culture.

　　答案：D　主旨大意題。文章按照總—分—總的結(jié)構(gòu)展開，首段開篇明義——請(qǐng)客吃飯是一種交際形式，有兩種基本的表現(xiàn)方式。中間部分分別闡述兩種不同的作用，最后一段總結(jié)全文，再次闡釋食物在不同文化中的重要性。故選D項(xiàng)。

　　(三)挖隱含信息，概括主旨

　　(2024·四川·E)

　　No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo.But a new study suggests they used a little rock‘n’roll.Long-ago builders could have attached wooden poles to the stones and rolled them across the sand, the scientists say.

　　“Technically, I think what they're proposing is possible，” physicist Daniel Bonn said.

　　People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks.And there's no obvious answer.On average, each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large pickup truck.The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away.

　　The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths.Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板)．Then they would have dragged them along paths.To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated_the_paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle.Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand.

　　Evidence from the sand supports this idea.Researchers found small amounts of fat, as well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths.

　　However, physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way，who led the new study.West said，“I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought，‘Why don't they just try rolling the things? ’” A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides, he realized.That, he notes, should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”．

　　So he tried it.

　　He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30-kilogram stone block.That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel.Then they placed the block on the ground.

　　They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled.The researchers found they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths.They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force as moving it along a slippery(滑的)path.

　　West hasn't tested his idea on larger blocks，but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding.At least，workers wouldn't have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.

　　文章大意：本文講述的是對(duì)金字塔石塊運(yùn)輸方式的研究。大多數(shù)研究人員認(rèn)為古埃及人可能是把石塊放在滑板上滑至目的地。現(xiàn)在還有人認(rèn)為古埃及人還有可能是在巨石四周捆綁木棒，然后將石塊滾至目的地。

　　8．It's widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by ________.

　　A．rolling them on roads

　　B．pushing them over the sand

　　C．sliding them on smooth paths

　　D．dragging them on some poles

　　答案：C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths.可知選C項(xiàng)。

　　9．The underlined part “l(fā)ubricated the paths” in Paragraph 4 means________.

　　A．made the paths wet B．made the paths hard

　　C．made the paths wide D．made the paths slippery

　　答案：D　詞義猜測(cè)題。該段首句說(shuō)了要在光滑的道路上操作，畫線詞后提到的濕沙和牛油都有潤(rùn)滑作用，故選D項(xiàng)(使道路光滑)。

　　10．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 7 refer to?

　　A．Rolling the blocks with poles attached.

　　B．Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.

　　C．Rolling poles to move the blocks.

　　D．Rolling the blocks with fat.

　　答案：A　詞義猜測(cè)題。上段提出了一種新的想法，這里是說(shuō)這個(gè)物理學(xué)家嘗試了這個(gè)想法。根據(jù)下文的He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30-kilogram stone block.可知畫線詞it指的是滾動(dòng)附加了木棒的石塊，故選A項(xiàng)。

　　11．Why is rolling better than sliding according to West?

　　A．Because more force is needed for sliding.

　　B．Because rolling work can be done by fewer cattle.

　　C．Because sliding on smooth roads is more dangerous.

　　D．Because less preparation on paths is needed for rolling.

　　答案：D　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一句At least，workers wouldn't have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.可知利用木棒將巨石滾至目的地的方法可以省去工人們的準(zhǔn)備工作。故選D項(xiàng)。

　　12．What is the text mainly about?

　　A．An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site.

　　B．An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site.

　　C．An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site.

　　D．An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site.

　　答案：D　主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段可知文章提出了一種新的可能搬運(yùn)金字塔石塊方法。故選D項(xiàng)。

　　(四)由文章內(nèi)容，挖掘主旨

　　(2024·重慶·A)

　　At thirteen，I was diagnosed (診斷) with a kind of attention disorder.It made school difficult for me.When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks，I could not.

　　In my first literature class，Mrs.Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it，all within 45 minutes.I raised my hand right away and said，“Mrs.Smith，you see，the doctor said I have attention problems.I might not be able to do it.”

　　She glanced down at me through her glasses，“You are no different from your classmates，young man.”

　　I tried，but I didn't finish the reading when the bell rang.I had to take it home.

　　In the quietness of my bedroom，the story suddenly all became clear to me.It was about a blind person，Louis Braille.He lived in a time when the blind couldn't get much education.But Louis didn't give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of raised dots (點(diǎn))，which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind.

　　Wasn't I the

　　“blind” in my class，being made to learn like the “sighted”students？My thoughts spilled out

　　and my pen started to dance.I completed the task within 40 minutes.Indeed，I was no different from others；I just needed a quieter place.If Louis could find his way out of his problems，why should I ever give up?

　　I didn't expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs.Smith，so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next day—with an “A” on it.At the bottom of the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？”

　　文章大意：本文講述了作者上學(xué)時(shí)的個(gè)人經(jīng)歷。作者有注意力不集中的問(wèn)題，但在老師的鼓勵(lì)下，受到盲人故事的激勵(lì)，作者最終克服了自己的問(wèn)題。由此告訴我們一個(gè)人可以通過(guò)努力克服自己的缺陷。

　　13．The author didn't finish the reading in class because ______.

　　A．he was new to the class

　　B．he was tired of literature

　　C．he had an attention disorder

　　D．he wanted to take the task home

　　答案：C　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。此題為直接信息題，帶著題干回到原文搜尋信息，定位第一段At thirteen，I was diagnosed (診斷) with a kind of attention disorder.It made school difficult for me.When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks，I could not.可知作者不能完成老師布置的任務(wù)是因?yàn)榛加幸环N注意力障礙癥。C項(xiàng)中had an attention disorder與文中信息一致，故選C項(xiàng)。

　　14．What do we know about Louis Braille from the passage?

　　A．He had good sight.

　　B．He made a great invention.

　　C．He gave up reading.

　　D．He learned a lot from school.

　　答案：B　細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第五段最后兩句But Louis didn't give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of raised dots, which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind.可知他發(fā)明了一個(gè)閱讀系統(tǒng)，給盲人打開了一個(gè)全新的知識(shí)的世界。故選B項(xiàng)。