2024屆高考英語一輪基礎語法專項訓練：專題十 《介詞和介詞短語》（人教版）
專題十 介詞和介詞短語
◆介詞和介詞短語的考查要點
介詞是虛詞，不能單獨作句子成分，必須與名詞、代詞(或相當于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句等)構成介詞短語，在句中充當一個成分。介詞分為：簡單介詞，如at，in，for等；合成介詞，如within，inside，onto，throughout等；短語介詞，如according to，out of，because of，by means of，in spite of，instead of等；雙重介詞，如from behind/above/under，until after等；分詞介詞，如considering，including，judging (from/by) 等。
1．介詞搭配
(1)“動詞＋介詞”搭配：注意特定搭配與同一介詞與多個動詞搭配意義不同的情況。
?、賠ob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow(表示“奪去、除去”意義的動詞與of 連用)
?、趕upply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示“供給”意義的動詞與with連用)
?、踡ake a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示“制作、制造”意義的動詞與of，from，into連用)
④介詞＋the＋部位與動詞的關系(＝動詞＋sb.’s＋部位，可換用)
strike him on the head(表示“擊；拍；碰；摸”意義的動詞與on連用)
catch him by the arm(表示“抓；拉；拿；扯”意義的動詞與by連用)
hit the boy in the face(表示“肚；胸；眼；臉”等人體前部的器官名詞與in連用)
⑤prevent(stop，keep)sb.from doing sth.(表示“阻止，禁止”意義的動詞與from連用)
?、辮ersuade(advise，warn)sb.into doing sth.(表示“說服；建議；警告”意義的動詞與into連用)
?、遙uy(leave，get，win，gain，lose) sth.for sb.(表示“得失”意義的動詞與for連用)
⑧tell(show，teach，sing，write，read) sth.to sb.(表示“告知”意義的動詞與to連用)
⑨give(allow，promise，pass，hand) sth.to sb.(表示“授予”意義的動詞與to連用)
注意：⑦⑧⑨可換成buy sb.sth.，tell sb.sth.，give sb.sth.雙賓結構。
⑩say to sb.(suggest，explain，apologize，murmur，whisper等與“對象”連用必須用to)不可說suggest sb.sth.。
(2)同一介詞與不同動詞搭配，意義各異。
reply to the letter回信，sing(dance) to the music和……唱(跳)，amount to 達到，加起來有……，devote to把……貢獻給，drink to為……干杯，object to反對，look forward to 渴望，come to蘇醒，belong to屬于，search for搜……，ask for請求，use...for用作，leave for前往，take...for誤以為，call for要求，wait for等待，care for喜歡，
make up for彌補損失，turn to求助/救于，help oneself to隨意，agree to同意，compare...to把……比作，send for派人去請/拿……，sail for駛向，起航，set out for動身去，go in for愛好……
(3)常見“形容詞＋介詞”搭配。
worthy of值得的，glad about sth.for sb.為某人某事高興，far from離……遠，grateful to sb.for sth.為某事感激某人，free from沒有……/免除……，proud of/take pride in自豪，satisfied with/by滿意，sure of/about確信，fond of喜歡，fit for適合，busy with sth./in doing sth.忙著干某事，full of充滿，ready for準備，similar to相似，wrong with不對；有毛病……
(4)“名詞＋介詞”習慣搭配和意義區分。
his absence
the way
題組訓練1
用適當的介詞填空
1．Our opinions on language learning differ greatly from each other’s in that respect.
2．Our teacher often asks us to retell stories in our own words.
3．I’ve promised to keep it secret，so I can’t really tell you anything beyond what you know already.
4．With time passing by，they have grown into big boys and big girls.
5．What was the cause of the fire?
2．核心介詞用法歸納與辨析
(1)表示時間的介詞in的用法如下。
表示在某一較長時間內，如世紀、年、季、月、周等，一般用介詞in，如：in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first week of May。
還可以用時段名詞組成固定短語或詞組。如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning(afternoon，evening)。
注意：①at night/at noon，in the day(在白天)，in the night(在夜間)。
②in five days(weeks，months，years)中in意思是“在……以后”。
(2)在具體的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。
on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday morning
on Christmas Day(但at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve，on Children’s Day
on March 8，on the morning(afternoon，evening)of Oct.1
early on the morning of Oct.1(區別：in the late/early morning of Oct.1)
on a rainy night，on warm winter days
(3)表示某一時刻或某一點時間用at，如小時、分鐘等。
at breakfast(supper，lunch)，at six
at noon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)
at the age of 15，at the time of war(但in time of danger/trouble)
注意：有些時間名詞前不接介詞。
next day，last Sunday，that morning，these years
one，each，any，every，some，all修飾時，一般不用介詞，如some day，one day，all afternoon。
(4)till，until的用法。
till(until)與持續動詞連用一般用于肯定句中，與短暫動詞連用一般用在否定句中。
He waited for me till twelve o’clock.
He didn’t get up till(until) 10 a．m.(不可用to)．
注意：在句首出現或強調句型中一般不用till而用until。
Not until 9 a．m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.
(5)in，later，after
?、賗n＋一段時間：表示說話時為起點一段時間之后，與一般將來時連用；但表示“在……之內”時，用于各種時態。
?、谝欢螘r間＋later(later是副詞)：表示某一具體時間或某一方面具體時間算起的一段時間后。
?、踑fter＋一段時間：表示“在……之后”，用于一般過去時；但時間為點時間時，只能用after，即after＋點時間，用于各種時態。
The doctor will be with us in six minutes.
She graduated in 1981，and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.
He received her letter after four weeks.
另外，in＋一段時間＋’s＋time與within＋一段時間的用法如下：
in a week’s time＝in a week
They will arrive in three days’ time.(與將來時連用)
My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.(作表語)
I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within＝in less than...用于各種時態，意為“不超出，在……之內”)
(6)地點介詞at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。
①at 在較小的場所，in在較大的場所，on在……的平面上。如at the door，at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in China，in the north，in Asia，on the desk，on the wall等。
?、趏n，at，in，off還可以表示兩地的相對位置。若A地屬于B地，用in；A地位于B地的外面且有邊緣銜接，用on；無邊緣的銜接，用to；A在B附近，用off。
Japan lies to the east of China.(范圍之外)
Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范圍之內)
Hunan Province lies on the west of Hubei Province.(毗鄰)
The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距離)
③across在物體表面“穿過”；through則表示在三維空間內部“穿過”。
They walked across the playground.
I walked through the forest.
④over，above譯作“在……之上”；under，below譯作“在……的下面”，其區別在于over，under表示一種直接的、垂直的上下關系；而above，below則表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。
A little boat is now under the bridge.
There is a bridge over the river.
The sun sinks below the horizon(地平線)．
The window is well above the tree.
(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介詞
?、賐y the year/hour/day按年/小時/天。如：He rent a house by the year(day，hour)．(按by＋the＋單位名稱，但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按噸計)。
?、诒矸褐傅姆绞?、手段
by post/mail郵寄，by telephone(radio)(但on the phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity用電，by machinery用電器，by hard work，learn sth.by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience，through the telescope
交通工具類
by bus/train/car/taxi
by bike/bicycle，on horseback/foot
by plane/jet/spaceship/air
by ship/boat/lifeboat/sea/water
另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 經由，取道于；用……方法，with the help(permission) of sb./with sb.’s help(permission)。
?、郾矸绞?、手段的其他用法
He beat the dog with a stick.(with＋工具/機器)
One smells with his nose.(with＋人體器官，但by hand手工，用手)
He stood up with pride.(with＋情緒、情感、態度的名詞)
注意：使用語言、材料、文字等用in。如：in English(ink，pencil)。另外如：in high(good，low)spirits，in anger，in joy，in comfort，in sorrow，in safety，in danger，in need，in debt，in love，in fun，in pain，in tears，in surprise，in good(poor) health，in good order，in flower，in a way，in a low voice，in silence，in(with) satisfaction，in a hurry，in(with) words，live/feed on food，kneel on one’s knee，take(catch) sb.by surprise(出其不意)
(8)表示“除……之外”的常用詞。
?、賐esides 除……以外(還有)。作副詞時意思是“而且，更何況”。
Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.
It was too late to see a film，and besides，I was tired.
?、趀xcept除去，除……之外(不再有)。
We all went except John.
在否定句中，兩詞可以換用。
He has no other hats except/besides this one.
?、踖xcept for除了……(對句子主題進行細節校正或附加說明)，后接名詞、代詞或what從句，此時與“except that＋句子”意思相同。
He was very clever except for carelessness.
?、躤xcept that...除了……一點以外。
He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.
⑤but與except
but和except在表示“除了……以外”時可以通用，但應注意以下三點：
(A)前面有不定代詞、疑問代詞在意義上對稱時，多用but。
All but one are here.
Nobody but I likes making model ships.
(B)后接不定式短語為排除對象時，多用but。
He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do，后省to)
(C)but與一些固定結構連用。
have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不，can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for...若不是……
(9)between與among
between通常指兩者之間，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每兩者之間的相互關系。
Ann is between Tom and Bill.
Switzerland lies between France，Germany，Australia and Italy.
They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)
She was busy between cooking，washing，sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接連不斷地，一個接一個地忙這忙那)
A horse can be seen between trees now.
among表示三者以上之間。
The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.
He was happy to be among friends again.
We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)
London is among the largest cities.(＝one of與最高級連用)
(10)表原因的介詞for，because of，due to。
He didn’t come to the meeting because of his illness.
The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.
He was praised for his bravery and courage.
The accident is due to your careless driving.
(11)不定式復合結構中的for，of。
這里所說的不定式復合結構形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作動詞不定式邏輯主語的結構。
It is clever of you to answer it like that.
It is quite hard for me to explain why.
注意：兩句中的of和for的使用，表語形容詞能夠說明不定式邏輯主語的性質、特征與面貌時用of，如果說明不定式行為本身的性質、狀態等則用for。
(12)兼作連詞和副詞的介詞。
?、賏fter，since，till/until，before這些詞既是介詞，又是連詞。
The children went home at once after school.(介詞)
They went to bed after they had finished the job.(連詞)
?、趇n，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond等介詞可兼作副詞。
He ran down the hill.(介詞)
Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me？(副詞)
?、塾械慕樵~可以兼作連詞和副詞。
All the students got to school before me.(介詞)
We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(連詞)
Haven’t I seen you before？(副詞)
(13)介詞的省略。
某些動詞短語之后的介詞可以省略。
Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job.
She spent nearly two hours (in) translating it.
(14)某些名詞與介詞構成的固定搭配。
①要求接to的名詞有：key，answer，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，road等。
The key to success is preparation.
?、谝蠼觟n 的名詞有：interest，satisfaction，expert等。
He is an expert in teaching small children.
題組訓練2
選詞填空
1．China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals for the benefit of all its citizens.
2．The furniture，with its modern style and bright colors，suits modern houses and their gardens，but looks out of place in the garden of a traditional home.
3．—Thank God you’re safe!
—I stepped back，just in time to avoid the racing car.
4．Brown said he was by no means annoyed；on the contrary he was glad to be able to make himself clearly understood.
5．When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster，many teachers would prefer to see him step aside in favour of younger men.
◆語法與寫作
根據提示翻譯下面的句子
1．結果，孩子們對父母變得如此依賴以致于他們沒有獨立的思想和創造性的觀點。(as a consequence)(2024·福建·書面表達)
As a consequence，children become so reliant on their parents that they have no independent thought or creative ideas.
2．相反，志愿者們迫不及待地想體驗在那里的生活，因為他們已經厭倦了地球上的生活。(on the contrary)(2024·廣東·基礎寫作)
